Essay --

Vigilantism is deeply rooted in American tradition (Brown, 1975). Arising in response to an absence of law and order in early frontier regions, and a concern with self-protection and self-preservation, vigilantes were seen as evaluated members of society. One of the primary reasons for the value of vigilantes is that their jurisdiction began where the law ended (Burrows, 1976 Perry & Pugh, 1989). Moreover, vigilantes partook in behaviors that legal authorities would not, could not, and should not perform (Brown, 1975). Incidents of vigilantism are not isolated to the American frontier, though. Reports of vigilantism keep emerged in countries such as the United Kingdom (Evans, 2003 Sharp, Atherton, & Williams, 2008), Kosovo (Wheeler, 2000), Nigeria (McCall, 2004), Indonesia (Barker, 2006), Israel (Yanay, 1993), and Ghana (Adinkrah, 2005). These reports often conjure up mixed beliefs. Some society members and organizations publicly chastise vigilantes (Hine, 1998 McCall, 2004 Perry & Pugh, 1989), while others publicly predecessor them as heroes (Perry & Pugh, 1989). Lawyers, judges, and citizens have seen vigilantes as necessary components in the framework of America (Brown, 1975) and several movies have idolized real (e.g., Issakaba series) and fictional vigilantes (e.g., Death Wish and Vigilante). Pundits and intellectuals have also defended real-life vigilantes (i.e., the Bakassi Boys) accused of torture, rape, and arbitrary imprisonment. Interestingly, individuals view behaviors such as rape and torture as deplorable when enacted in everyday situations however, when vigilantes behave in such a way, their actions are not viewed as negatively (Ekeh, 2002 McCall, 2004).Although the general concept of a vigilante is both(prenominal)what clear... ...g victims using the mechanics of dehumanization. Dehumanization removes human qualities and/or attributes from individuals by stripping them of thoughts and feelings. For example, during Vietnam, soldiers referr ed to the enemy as gooks rather than Vietnamese citizens (Kaiser, 1969). After removing the moniker of humanness, deplorable actions are more acceptable. If removing human qualities is not successful though, individuals capability also ascribe demonic or bestial qualities to their victims (Bandura, 2002). Attribution of BlameIndividuals might also derogate victims by using the attribution of blame mechanism of moral disengagement. Attribution of blame portrays the aggressor as a faultless victim driven to harmful conduct through forced action (Bandura, 2002). For example, some rapists suggest that the victim was asking for it by the way she dressed or acted.

The Space Race and the Apollo Program in 1968 :: American History Essays

The Space Race and the Apollo Program in 1968 I believe that this res publica should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space, and none will be so tight or so expensive to accomplish.These words, uttered by President John F. Kennedy in May 1961 brought forth a new era in American history, the idea of sending a man to the moon. Only seven years later, in 1968, did America finally prepare to meet Kennedys deadline with the Apollo 7 and 8 missions. Recovering from the tragic fire of Apollo 1 in 1967, Apollo 7 put the Space program back on track. Only two months later, Apollo 8 direct the first voyage around the Moon. These missions drew Americas goal for a lunar landing closer and took the Soviet Union out of the dusty Wars so-called Space Race. The origins of the Col d War can be traced to the conclusion of World War II. Beginning with the Yalta Convention in 1945, and go on with the Potsdam Conference later that year, the joined States and the United Soviet Socialist Republic became embittered with each other over the division of Europe. This was a direct result of capitalism and communism with the blockade of Germany, the support of Communism in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Turkey and Greece and the refusal of Soviet forces to demobilize. Soon, the argument turned to Americas use of the atomic bomb in Japan in August 1945. The Soviets at first highly commended America for hastening Japans surrender but then repudiated it several weeks later. They claimed that it destroyed the remainder of power between the two great world powers. By the early 1950s, the focus shifted from the dilemmas in Europe to an even bigger threat, the threat of nuclear war. both the US and the USSR claimed supremacy in Nuclear technology, specifically, the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). However, events changed permanently on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the first successful orbiting satellite. The United States at present reacted to the launch by claiming it would have been first in launching a satellite had it not been for planning mistakes. After the launch of Sputnik II in November 1957, the United States made its first public reaction.

Comparing the Novel and Movie of Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay

Comparing the Novel and Movie of Steinbecks Of Mice and MenWho doesnt know of rear Steinbecks classic novel Of Mice and Men? Itis a novel that almost everyone educated in the United States has either read itor pretended to read it. moreover how many have seen the 1992 ikon Of Mice andMen? The relative obscurity of 1992 screen version of this timeless drama doesnot mean that it was poorly done. Just the contrary is true, it is one of thebest film adaptations of a novel that I have seen. The novel and the film arevery similar. The Steinbecks novel could be thought of as the screenplaysfirst draft. There were some sm every changes, but they were instituted for thegood of the film. I liked the film better than Steinbecks novel.Of Mice and Men is a story of people who point their troublesclearly, memory on to thin dreams as they go about their thankless business.The novel, set in the 1930s, is a story of friendship of migrant workers GeorgeMilton and Lennie Smalls. The pair travels from feast to ranch, dreaming ofsomeday making enough money so they can buy their own plot of land and a stakein their future. George is a father figure and protector of the strong simple-minded Lennie. Lennies strength is his gift and his curse. Like the child heis mentally, he loves animals, but he inadvertently crushes them to death.Women, to him, are rather like animals, -- soft, small, and gentle. And therelies the tension that powers this narrative to its tragic conclusion.The film version and the novel are very similar. There is minimaldescription in the novel, enough to set the scene, and the rest is dialogue.The films story is very pure and lean as Steinbecks original.Producer/director Gary Sinise and screenwriter Horton Foote dont try doanything fancy, they dont try to mention it anything other than exactly what it is,a timeless simple story. Sinise and Foote make American Literature teacherseverywhere proud they have left the films story uncluttered. Everything isvery clear, and makes intelligence within its context. They remembered Of Mice andMen is a classic for a reason, and if it aint broke, dont fix it.The screenplay and the novel are not synonymous but they are very closeto cosmos that way. Sinise and Foote held very true in their adaptation. All ofthe changes made were minor a... ...im to bemore dirty and grizzled men. I thought Ray Walston looked a low as well as feebleto play Candy but his acting made up for any shortcomings he had in hisappearance. Slim looked a little excessively young and handsome to be the character Ihad envisioned. Overall, the casting and photography was excellent.Another reason why I liked the film better was because of its hammyconclusion. At the end of the novel we know what that George has Carlsons gunand then we know what is going to happen. At the end of the film, we dont knowGeorge has the gun and we cant see that he is holding the gun to the back ofLennies head. This makes for a very dramatic ending. Because I read the novel,I knew what was going to happen, but I still was very drawn into the action.The film was a very good adaptation of a great book. It is a wonderfulstory of friendship,loneliness, and pain. This was an excellent film because itwas dramatic but it never went too far and became sappy and overdone. This filmis great because the creators realized how important the original text was inmaking this film. They did not fool around with it the story says all theywant to say.

The difference between Classical music and classical music? :: essays research papers

In this essay I am going to look at the differences between Classical medical specialty and classical music. There are many differences between the two, one is an era and the other is a type of music.Classical is an era, it is from nearly 1730 to just after 1800. There are 5 different periods in time (for music), Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Modern (20th Century). At this moment in time, we are quieten in the Modern period of time even though we are in the 21st, not 20th century. A few people who contributed to the music in the Classical era are Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The period that came before the Classical period, the Baroque, was a time of ornamentation and cluttered sounds. The Classical period focused on the opposite types of sounds- music during that period was orderly, uncluttered, well planned and precise. Music was expected to be technically pleasing and grounded in certain traditions and styles that had been appr oved by the public, frequently quite formal. Composers were seen as workers who were hired to write music that would please their employer.Vienna, Austria was the center of musical activity during the Classical period. Composers traveled from near and far to study with music teachers in Vienna. Vienna was such a hot spot for musicians that a style was even named for much of the music composed during the time the Viennese Style. The size of it of the symphony orchestra was growing, allowing composers to create more complicated pieces calling for new instruments that made unique sounds unheard before this time. Opera remained very popular, as did symphonies (large works with several(prenominal) sections composed for entire orchestras to play), concertos and sonatas (pieces featuring one instrument).Classical music (with a lower case ?c?) is completely different from Classical music (with a outstanding ?c?), classical music is music that is quite formal, and usually played by an orc hestra that has lots of string instruments.

Phonics vs. whole language? Essay -- Essays Papers

Phonics vs. livelong language?Like other issues of education, educators and theorists debate and analyze methods of training instruction. They judge methods and curricula not only by their efficacy but also by their appropriateness and ease. Throughout the history of education these methods and curricula have changed, shifted, and transformed. Currently, though, there are two front-runners in the debatephonics and whole language. Popular belief is that these curricula are diametrically opposed. Researchers of effective reading instruction assert the opposite, saying that an artificial, simplistic dichotomy has no reality in the word of phonics and whole language (Dahl & Scharer, 2000, 43). The purpose of this research paper is to compare these two seemingly different curricula in the realm of reading instruction, to determine their individual levels of appropriateness, and to fix which, if either, is ultimately more appropriate in the school setting.Phonics Defined What is phoni cs? The word phonics comes from the Greek word for sound and is defined by the Websters II innovative Collegiate Dictionary as the use of elementary phonetics in the drilling of reading. The Britannica Student Encyclopedia says, phonics is translating split of written words into the sounds they represent. From these two definitions of phonics, one idler deduce that it is a method of segmentation, visual and auditory recognition, and decoding. Phonics is the vehicle by which learners begin to understand the individual sounds, or phonemes, of a word. The soundsthere are more or less 45 in the English languageare the basic building blocks of language, and mastery of them ensures success in future reading attempts (Hempenstall, 1997, 16). Educators use phonics at some(prenominal) levels of reading instruction, including early childhood, remediation, and adult literacy. In an article about Dorothy Stricklands book Teaching Phonics Today A Primer for Educators, Linda Starr (1999) qu otes Strickland Historically, those who have denounced poor reading achievement in the United States have turned to phonics as a solution (qtd. in Starr, 1999, 2). Phonics is, indeed, a solution, for its basic principle of breaking words into parts allows the reader to approach any new word with confidence, assuming that he has learned all of the written sounds successfully. Phonics is used in both in... ...s in respective(a) classroom settings (Dahl & Scharer, 2000, 52). Based upon the data set forth in this paper, a system of balanced instruction seems to be the most beneficial route for reading instruction. Students should learn about the relationships between letters and sounds through both traditional instruction and on the spot direction. They should be encouraged to express themselves through makeup and educators should give feedback and constructive criticism about their mistakes as well as their creativity. Diane Weaver Dunne (2000) tells us there is no magic bullet that can teach all children how to read ( 1). As such, educators should individualize instruction to reach all learners, and reading and writing should take place in every area of the curriculum. The bother in this debate lies not in the direct opposition of whole language to phonics but in the misconceptions of both campgrounds. 1 The whole language camp seems to be split on this issue Some Whole Language theorists still believe that any emphasis on phonics is unfruitful, or even detrimental The rules of phonics are to complexand too unreliableto be useful(Smith qtd. in Hempenstall, 58).

Phonics vs. whole language? Essay -- Essays Papers

Phonics vs. whole language?Like other issues of education, educators and theorists debate and analyze orders of reading instruction. They judge methods and curricula not only by their efficacy but likewise by their appropriateness and ease. Throughout the history of education these methods and curricula have changed, shifted, and transformed. Currently, though, there atomic number 18 two front-runners in the debatephonics and whole language. Popular belief is that these curricula are diametrically opposed. Researchers of effective reading instruction assert the opposite, saying that an artificial, simplistic dichotomy has no reality in the discussion of phonics and whole language (Dahl & Scharer, 2000, 43). The aim of this research paper is to compare these two seemingly different curricula in the realm of reading instruction, to determine their individual levels of appropriateness, and to decide which, if either, is ultimately more appropriate in the school setting.Phonics Defi ned What is phonics? The word phonics comes from the Greek word for sound and is defined by the Websters II New Collegiate Dictionary as the use of elementary phonetics in the teaching of reading. The Britannica Student Encyclopedia says, phonics is translating parts of written words into the sounds they represent. From these two definitions of phonics, one can deduce that it is a method of segmentation, visual and auditory recognition, and decoding. Phonics is the vehicle by which learners begin to understand the individual sounds, or phonemes, of a word. The soundsthere are about 45 in the incline languageare the basic building blocks of language, and mastery of them ensures success in future reading attempts (Hempenstall, 1997, 16). Educators use phonics at several levels of reading instruction, including early childhood, remediation, and big literacy. In an article about Dorothy Stricklands book Teaching Phonics Today A Primer for Educators, Linda Starr (1999) quotes Stricklan d Historically, those who have denounced poor reading achievement in the get together States have turned to phonics as a solution (qtd. in Starr, 1999, 2). Phonics is, indeed, a solution, for its basic principle of breaking words into parts allows the reader to approach any(prenominal) new word with confidence, assuming that he has learned all of the written sounds successfully. Phonics is used in both in... ...s in diverse classroom settings (Dahl & Scharer, 2000, 52). Based upon the info set forth in this paper, a system of balanced instruction seems to be the most beneficial route for reading instruction. Students should learn about the relationships in the midst of letters and sounds through both traditional instruction and on the spot direction. They should be encouraged to express themselves through writing and educators should give feedback and constructive animadversion about their mistakes as well as their creativity. Diane Weaver Dunne (2000) tells us there is no mag ic bullet that can teach all children how to read ( 1). As such, educators should individualize instruction to reach all learners, and reading and writing should take place in every area of the curriculum. The problem in this debate lies not in the direct opposition of whole language to phonics but in the misconceptions of both camps. 1 The whole language camp seems to be split on this issue Some Whole Language theorists still believe that any emphasis on phonics is unfruitful, or even harmful The rules of phonics are to complexand besides unreliableto be useful(Smith qtd. in Hempenstall, 58).

Higher Education Ensures Better Life Essay

1.what state exams do school-leavers choose most often in (CITY) ? 2.what atomic number 18 the best ways to prepare for examinations?how are you going to do it? 3.do you think that exams motivate students to study?why?4.higher education ensures better life.these days is very in-chief(postnominal) to gain secondary education. its not only develops your mentality,but and broadens your perspective. In (CITY) the school-leaver are preparing for exams. Lithuanias main exam is the first lecture exam. this first language exam Is difficult and takes a lot of energy. a lot of studying people are fail this test. so, the school-leaver are studying very hard and ofttimes when to finish the tests with a good marks. If you want are finishing the exam with good marks, you have to concentrate on what you dont know something and are progressing what you dont know, at the moment. also, calm down, learn little by little, ask the teachers, they always helps you and of course, you should believe wha t you do.I think that examinations motivate you to learn more.but also, use up to a lot of nerve, efforts and energy. school-leaver gets a lot of stress, exhaustion. I think that can facilitate exams and everyone would be happy. higher education ensures better life.Nowadays, higher education is important thing in better life when the soulfulness finishes final exams.the person will be able to better job with a good qualification. also, the person who has higher education, has higher intellect level. So, higher education is important. everyone has to learn and finish at school.

Reality Shows Essay

Reality shows has grown in popularity for several years and it will never muted down because of the excitement and attention it brings to the viewers. A objectiveity show is based upon many things that go on in a daily life much(prenominal) as romance, drama, friendship, hate and etc. Being on a reality show may look frolic but its a readiness of hard work. Reality shows bring a lot of attention and the companies argon making a lot of money for it because of the viewers. * Reality shows are hurtful, lazy and frenzy television receiver. They mostly show ordinary people with no special talents doing very stupid things.which doesnt make for good entertainment.They rely on humiliation and scrap to create excitement.the programmes are full of swearing, crying and argument, and often violence, drunkenness and sex. This sends a message to people that this is normal behaviour and helps to create a crude, selfish society. For example, the real world on mtv. * Its a selected group of people who live together they portray young adults, espic exclusivelyy women, as being drunk, wild, crazy, lying, physical violence and desperate for sex, alcohol, and attention. and its wretched because many people arrest these shows and thats what the real world is basic exclusivelyy about. Nobody wants for their childern to be watching that on television i know i wouldnt.It is only if a bad influence on their mind n it will probbaly effecty on the way the will act. nobody wants they child like that everyone wants the best for them. thats why these kind of shows need to be blocked no longer aired or have parental controls on the channels. * An other(a) reality show the bad girls club it focuses on seven young women who believes that other women are generally out to get her Jodie, a conservative office worker who likes to have fun after hours. Ty, a tough talking former hustler. Kerry, where her behavior has a reflect on her country music career adult entertainer. Leslie, spoile d, angry. Ripsi, and Zara, whos cognise in her small town as the wild child. While living in their Los Angeles house, the women try to become friends while managing with one anothers backstabbing, lying, cheating, and flirting.They all engage in their own brand of bad behavior in order to have fun, get want they want, and sometimes get even with the other women in the house. * They fight with each other for 60 minutes once a week and has a negative effect on society because it makes girls that watch the show think that it is okay to go out and fight with anyone that gets in your way. Just think about the name of the show BAD GIRLS CLUB the all have a bad girl life style. so to me reality televison is full of it and the people that watch it need help to yes it is entertaining but the distrust is what are you getting out of it? how is it making your life or childern lives any better? this stuff has alot of negative effect on people.There is nothing completed in life but its just s ome things you do and donot do. *Inconclusion, reality television is popular and almost everyone watches it. but the manin question is why? reality television has several flaws and entitles alot of attetion and drama. You will see the the whole concept of these script written shows is beacuse of the money for them not for you so eventaully there is no point and the viewers are helping them and they are not getting anything out of it. These are my reasons, examples and supporting reasons why reality television should be banned.

The Air Traffic Controllers Strike of 1981

In this study, I intend to provide an overview of the activate relations controllers ingrain that occurred in 1981. This strike came at the peak of increased tension among the circulate work controllers union, PATCO, and the FAA, a national agency charged with overseeing the management of all civil air flights. The strike occurred on August 3, 1981. On that day, more or less 12,000 air business controllers went on strike, effectively crippling the civil air industry.As members of PATCO, these singulars reliablely tangle they had the right to strike however, under the terms of certain laws affecting federal employees, the air traffic controllers, in fact, did not have this right. As a result, President Reagan immediately threatened that any air traffic controller not back at work within 48 hours of the start of the strike would lost his or her job.Three days later, the FAA startd 12,000 dismissal notices and the strike officially came to an end (Spector, 1982, p. ). Of p articular interest to me is not only the details and particulars of this strike, but also the structural circumstances that precipitated it and why compensation negotiations were ineffectual. Therefore, I furnish alone focus the remainder of this overview on several key points the internal and external environmental forces that led to the strike, specific human resources issues that made air traffic controllers capable to strike, and a review of the negotiation process and the failed proposals on both sides.In the course of this evaluation, I will discuss some of the major players in the strike, examine some of the fundamental causes of this strike, and even present at least one alternative solution that was proposed at the date and should have probably been implemented without fail. In this, I intend to illustrate the nature of the air traffic controllers strike of 1981 and the factors that made it all but inevitable. To begin with, lets consider some of the major players who w ere tortuous in the air traffic controllers strike. First, there is the FAA.This is the federal agency that was established in 1958 to manage all civilian air flights in the get together States. At the time of the strike, all air traffic controllers in the United States were trained, certified, and employed by the FAA (Spector, 1982, p. 1). In other words, the FAA had a literal stranglehold on the market for air traffic controllers in the United States. To work in the United States as an air traffic controller, thus, meant that one had to work with the FAA and abide by their prescriptions for how air traffic controllers should be employed.Second, we should consider PATCO, or the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization. This group was affiliated with the AFL-CIO and was created in 1968. It was, in short, a union of air traffic controllers. During the 1970s, in particular, PATCO grew at a tremendous rate (Spector, 1982, p. 2). By the time the potential strike rolled aroun d, most of the air traffic controllers in the United States were members of PATCO. Third, we should consider the head of PATCO, the man who lead the organization down the more militant path towards strike and whose final negotiations with the FAA would precipitate the strike in the kickoff place.Robert Poll took the reins at PATCO in 1980, partially in response to attitudes within the organization that felt a more aggressive stance was needed towards the FAA on the part of unionized air traffic controllers (Spector, 1982, p. 2). In this context, we can see that Poll and PATCO were immediately at odds with the FAA, which as an organization naturally cherished to maintain its monopolistic control over the supply of air traffic controllers.The conflict amid the two primary players in this strike-the FAA and PATCO-was only exasperated by certain pieces of federal legislation that prohibited federal employees from using strikes, sit-ins, or work slow downs to affect changes in their employment status. Legislation such(prenominal) as the Federal Relations Labor act prevented federal unionized employees to use their union status for anything other than collective bargaining (Spector, 1982, p. 2). This structural component of the issue further tied the figurative hands of PATCO and the air traffic controllers.It may even have precipitated a strike if the air traffic controllers felt command and desperate in their dealings with the FAA. If the air traffic controllers did not think there was any possibility of seeing their demands met-and how could they, if they were not permitted to use the threat of a strike? -then it is possible that they would have instigated the strike in desperation. There were a number of other issues that certainly led to a strike-style conflict between the FAA and PATCO.For example, of the 17,275 air traffic controllers employed in July 1981, all had to take part in a seventeen-week cookery course and then participate in on-the-job traini ng for an additional two to four years. The FAA estimated that the total cost of training an air traffic controller amounted to $175,000 (Spector, 1982, p. 4). From the perspective of the FAA, labor negotiations were unlikely to result in higher(prenominal) pay rates or other forms of compensation.From the federal perspective, a significant amount of money had already been invested in these individuals more was not a operable option. For the air traffic controllers, however, increased pay was the least of their concerns. As air traffic controllers knew all too well, the job of managing dozens of aircraft from the ground simultaneously was not easy. When PATCO went to the negotiation table with the FAA prior to the strike, they listed a number of concerns and problems that they wanted to see corrected. These included, but were not limited to, the following.One, PATCO was concerned about access. The FAA gave unfettered access to airports at any time, to anyone. The result was extreme s of traffic during peak and off hours of the day or week. PATCO also cited poor supervision from individuals who were often paid more than the air traffic controllers to do nothing more than shift paperwork around. Safety responsibility was also a concern-given the demands of the job and the life-or-death nature of it, some air traffic controllers felt that there should be a better system of managing and accepting responsibility.Finally, the air traffic controllers were concerned about their pay scale, especially lost overtime hours concord to federal mandate (Spector, 1982, p. 10-11). Salaries for air traffic controllers were reasonable for the period, however some federal regulations placed a cap on the amount that any individual could earn as a federal employee. Additionally, limitations were made regarding the amount of pay that could be awarded during any two week period, regardless of hours worked.This fact, combined with the extremely stressful nature of the job, upset man y at PATCO (Spector, 1982, p. 4,6). The fact that the FAA rated as one of the poorest employers of air traffic controllers worldwide in terms of hours worked per week, vacation days, and sick leave only made matters worse (Spector, 1982, p. 5). Thus, when the FAA and PATCO went to the negotiation table in the days and weeks preceding the strike on August 3, there were a number of issues that had to be resolved between them.The air traffic controllers felt overworked, overstressed, and under appreciated in general. The FAA felt that it had the upper hand because the air traffic controllers were unable, by federal law, to go on strike. For this reason, the eventual strike-in hindsight-seems all but inevitable. In fact, the assumption that the FAA had the upper hand in the negotiations may have led directly to their predict offer which was much more conservative than the original PATCO demands.PATCO wanted an increase in salaries, a new maximum salary limit, a reduction in the work we ek, earlier retirement benefits, and cost of living adjustments to be made twice a year. The FAA negotiator, John Helms, estimated that this package would cost the government around $744 jillion the first year. He countered with a proposal that would only cost $40 million the first year, but which was a significantly watered down translation of PATCO demands (Spector, 1982, p. 10). The union rejected this offer and went back to the negotiation table.When the second counter offer from the FAA was also not to their liking, they voted 95% in favor of going on strike (Spector, 1982, p. 11). The consequent strike on August 3, 1981 cost most of PATCO members their jobs and ended up costing the aviation industry, as well as associated industries such as tourism and hotels, millions of dollars in lost profits. Given these myriad environmental forces, symptoms and causes, and the inherent conflict between the FAA and PATCO, it is little wonder that a strike was the ultimate result between the negotiations between the FAA and PATCO.But what might have been done differently, what other solution might have worked in the past to alleviate the problems that occurred? For an final result I turn to Lane Kirkland of the AFL-CIO who said at the time, The air traffic control system is a purely subsidized service the government is providing for the hugger-mugger airline industry. Under the Reagan doctrine of getting the government off peoples backs, youd think they might try to turn the whole thing over to the industry to lean instead of using the might and majesty of the government to suppress a strike (Spector, 1982, p. 4).In fact, this is exactly the solution that I would have suggested at the time and would advocate today as a solution to the mess that the FAA found itself in in 1981. If the FAA had been privatized, the concerns and issues that air traffic controllers were having could have been easily resolved between PATCO and the airline industry, in whose best intere st it would have been to resolve the matter to keep planes in the air and profits in the black.Instead, the government used an inefficacious law to force almost 12,000 people out of work who were simply trying to use the power of the strike to leverage themselves better working conditions. in particular when we consider the magnitude of the job that air traffic controllers did (and do) and the safety of countless lives that could have been at stake, it is even amazing that the government responded to the legitimate concerns of air traffic controllers in the way that it did.

Free schools Essay

Are an interesting idea but the government needs to be very cargonful to make positive(predicate) that educational standards improve for all children and that the whole club benefits. The idealogy hindquarters drop out Schools are that they are non-profit qualification, independent, state-funded schools. They are able to choose what subjects they choose for their pupils to study and fall flat birth many an(prenominal) less restrictions imposed on them on how they choose to allocate their finances. For this very reason dissolve schools would be varied in their nature as they would non be forced to fol emit for drill the national curriculum.They are not defined by size or location thither is not a single type of deliver school or a single reason for restrainting them up. handsome schools could be either primary or secondary schools. They could be located in traditional school buildings or appropriate partnership spaces such as office buildings or church halls. They coul d be set up by a wide range of proposers including charities, universities, businesses, educational congregations, visionary teachers or committed parents who want to make a difference to the educational landscape.They might be needed because at that place simply are not enough school places in a local area and children have to survive too far to the nearest school. Free schools are not academically selective and open to children of all abilities. School is a defining factor in our lives and also promote a shared sense of community which is important as cohesive communities are generally much than happy and safe than uncohesive geniuss there is no discrimination or segregation and they nurture a shared set of beliefs and values and goals, living together in harmony and mutual respect.An example of a community that lacks this is Oldham in which the races, Asians and whites were segregated and this triggered violent race riots. This happened due to the immense divide between Asian and White communities and their inability to mix and advise one an separate. This event made me see that this was very bad for the community and did nothing but encourage racial segregation. Looking at the footage of the riots of 2001 it is clear that bureau could have been easily avoided had everyone learnt to appreciate one another.Community cohesion is ab forth ensuring that all mess from different backgrounds and communities feel they belong to the place in which they live. We cannot take a shit our ambitions by living in isolation to one another, it must be as a united city, where the differences of race, colour, and religion are embraced. A sense of community cohesion as we grow up makes us happier in general and encourages us to be unprejudiced and non-racist.Our distinctive character is developed early on in life and to be encouraged to mix with other throng with different beliefs and religions helps promote a safer and on the whole a more happier and reinforce d community. We start school within the first few years of our lives and being mixed with different citizenry at this institution endorses a stronger community. We spend a good part of a decade at school so there is no doubt that school pass on be largely creditworthy for our values and beliefs, as well as our personality.Depending on what school we go to we are thrust into a shared community and we learn to get along and share beliefs. As stated in the Source material, Being part of a community helps us develop an identity a sense of who we are. An uncohesive community has exactly the opposite effect, and children growing up in an uncohesive community can grow up to have negative views and not feel want they belong and the can feel like they do not have a stake in society and being able to total in and influence decisions that affect their lives.When David Cameron and Nick Clegg (leaders of the Conservative party and the Liberal Democrat party) were elected to form a coalition government in 2010, one of the Conservatives policies were the Big orderliness which was apparently based on a model of Balsall Heath A town with low levels of community cohesion. The idea of the Big Society was that people take greater control of their communities and not rely on the government and local authorities to provide services like schools, community centres, younker clubs. This town has now been transformed and the town is now clean and tidy and people of all different cultural backgrounds mix.The most positive effects of this were that community cohesion increased in a drastic way. There is no doubt that there are some beneficial aspects of secrete schools such as people of all different ethnicities mixing together as a free school is not academically selective. This discourages discrimination and community cohesion. Some people may argue that the current government is trying to distance themselves from responsibility and segregate society but I believe that David C ameron is good to encourage people to take action if they are deprived of something that will be a credit to the community.Further argument counteracting this is that some people think that such people in deprived areas are not skilled or have enough knowledge to undertake a difficult project of opening a school, particularly a secondary school. A quote from a recent article of the Telegraph states These kids will be left behind, because the second point is that, if you set up a market mechanism, then there are winners and losers, but, in this case the losers are children, left behind in a sink school. The minute of free schools is debatable, but interesting.Nick Clegg declared on the 5th September in his speech Free schools would not become the preserve of the favour few which outlines the fact that he thinks free schools would in effect privatize the education system and allow the new institutions to cream off the best pupils and resources. On the other hand the Education Secre tary Michael Gove who wholeheartedly believes that free schools will end the rationing of good education. He believes that free schools to replace failing comprehensives will give all children access to the kind of education only the rich can afford.He outlines this in Source 1 as well as saying free schools will press clipping the achievement gap between rich and poor. However , free schools could lead to social segregation as middle phase parents are likely to be very keen on them, leading to a situation where middle class and working class people do not mix. This could end up with middle class children going to good schools and working class children remaining in local license schools where there is very little funding.Another group who are really keen on free schools are faith groups and this could lead to segregation on religious grounds. Standards for school would therefore not rise uniformly for everyone which would be a big disadvantage and there would also be low communi ty cohesion which is explained above. I personally think it is partial that some pupils dont have the opportunity to go to a high achieving school as I went through this whole school lottery trying for three high achieving schools but I failed to get into any of them, simply because I was out of the catchment area.It is worth setting up free schools in deprived areas where children are forced to go to a low achieving school, so they have the same opportunities that wealthier children have. Michael Gove aforethought(ip) to branch out free schools here after apparent success in America with free schools, where 99 free schools have been established. Evidence suggests that 83% of free schools in the USA are doing no better than their conventional counterparts which brings me to question whether the opening of free schools really are beneficial and whether the opening of them would cut the bridge between rich and poor.However in tho research some students in these schools feel that t hey are in a better fleck in a free school where they apply rigorous discipline and are challenging. This again makes the idea of free schools questionable. In Source 3, a group of six hundred parents expressed their desire for their children to go to a school other than the local state school. This brings about the conclusion that if this many parents are hard-pressed with the type of provision of state schooling institutions, something must be done.This opinion is also met with Rachel Wolfs in Source 4 who argues that hundreds of parents have suffered too long from a two tier education system one in which the wealthy can get into the excellent local school by buying a house in the right catchment area or paying school fees, while less off parents are stuck. I believe this is an extremely un clean-living system and one in which the wealthy seem to have it all and working class citizens are stuck in a never ending rut.In Source 5 another parents view is expressed, where she expr esses her desire for a school in which most of its students could walk to and not sending their children 4 miles away. Source 6 promotes the fact that some people are planning to profit from the governments initiative seeking to profit at the expense of the taxpayer states Ed Balls in Source 8. He continues with Since free schools introduced a free schools policy the countrys education standards in maths and scince have plummeted. This Source brings about more negativity on the topic of free schools and questions the beneficial aspects of free schools.Source 7, an extract adapted from the website of the National Union of Teachers promotes an opinion of high negativity towards free schools, of which 24 have opened this September. A quote of this source is This governments attack on state education has to be irrelevant. Laws to frame many more academies and the new so called free schools are an attack on the very existence of free, state comprehensive education which is democratica lly accountable. It is privatisation on a grand scale and is unacceptable.From my research many people agree with the condemning of free schools with NASUWT stating The free schools programme will be anything but free. Free schools are an unnecessary and costly gamble in educating the countrys children. The Government is simply not acting responsibly by not making clear where the bullion will come from to fund the free schools policy. Major education programmes have in the last few weeks been cut or frozen. The mankind would be right to be concerned that money saved from other education programmes will be used to fund the free schools policy. There is insofar more negativity on the introduction of free schools with ATL an education union saying Parents or teachers misguided enough to set up a free school will soon find out that running a school needs a lot more than knowing pupils names and an utility(a) vision of education. It needs knowledge of employment law, health and safet y and the admissions code. And private companies are waiting in the wings to provide these services. ATL has produced a directory listing the major(ip) organisations which want to get involved in managing state schools Englands schools not open for business. These all show there is much negativity on free schools. Also NASUWT outlines the fact that it is not clear where the money to fund free schools will come from which brings about the conclusion that the government are pickings money from existing state schools which may not benefit the majority of children in the local area. In Source 9 a blogger wrote her opinion which depicts that instead of trim segregation free schools would in fact increase it, by being highly selective especially for parents who are forcefully ambitious in their option of school, leaving behind children, for whom there may not be a voice.In Source 10 we look at Sweden, which already has free schools apply but a person called Per Thulberg who analysed this state schools had not led to better results and Michael Gove contradicted this stating that if parents had more choice then existing schools would be forced to improve, but Per Thurlberg said better results simply came from students with better backgrounds going into those schools. These statistics suggest that free schools may not bring about better results and will not determine that there are better quality schools for the public to choose from which was the point of free schools being created in the first place.Free schools may simply be taking money from the local comprehensive where students may inevitably end up. Another factor which questions the beneficial aspects of free schools are the growing popularity of faith schools demands to build more faith schools in the form of free schools are reportedly growing this is a feature which some say will segregate society further and not promote community cohesion. http//www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2046715/Richard-Daw kins-attacks-alien-rubbish-taught-Muslim-faith-schools. html http//www. guardian. co.uk/education/2011/oct/04/alarm-over-racial-segregation-london-schools.These articles especially the second depict the racial segregation that faith schools may cause. I think personally that large numbers of faith schools in Britain will not benefit the society as a whole. In conclusion and to be fair and in all honesty it is just too soon to say whether free schools are going to be a good thing and create a more fair educational society for all of us. It is very clear that the present system is not working and puts immense pressure on both parents and children to fulfill the need to attend a good school.Once parents were allowed to see the published national league tables of which schools perform well as opposed to which schools did not, it was only a matter of time before wealthy parents were able to move to a catchment area to secure the best school places for their children leaving behind the p oorer child to accept whatever was on offer. This has caused a very great divide in good and average performing schools and caused a lot of low morale for many parents in this country. If free schools can address this major issue it can only be a good thing. However, it can be argued that the odds are stacked against them.In our present times with our bleak economic outlook any system that is trying to get on its feet will gobble a lot of financial resources and one has to look at where this money is coming from and whether our already existing state schools who do not join in will suffer as a result. Competition is whole heartedly healthy generally in a society but not an unsportsmanlike one where competition takes place in schools where clever kids are already creamed off and able to go to better schools. This can be a major disadvantage and in itself causes segregation of a different sort.I feel that if people are inspired to take on the opportunity of setting up a free school t hen they probably have a vision of a better , alternative system they are aspiring to which is a good thing as the government has set up a lot of stringent conditions which have to be passed to set up a free school. In all, apathy and not doing anything to address the issues in our schools is a worse misdemeanor than at least trying to see whether free schools hold the function to our problems and so we can only hope for our future generations that free schools work. As in everything in life only time will tell.

Bauhaus School

Das Bauhaus Jeremy Hart German Civilization 2320 Professors Cook, Kopp, and Prager March 6, 2013 The Bauhaus, a revolutionary school of art and craft founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, stands today as an important influence on postmodern art and architecture. It is also the namesake of its sustain move manpowert which is characterized by severely economic and geometric designs and a portional view of materials. To truly understand the origins of the Bauhaus and the importance of its modern implications, we must first fare about the influences that its founder relied on. The Vienna Secession was formed in Austria in 1897.The secessionist artists attempted to create their own way of life that had no clear relation to any historical eras. Paired with this avant-garde approach, they relied on more pure geometric designs to produce their art. The geometric approach to art proved to have lasting effects on Gropius and his contemporaries. The Werkbund was the German model of the Vien na Secession. Founded in 1907, the 12 artists and 12 industrialists who comprised it aimed to infuse industry with modern and functional designs. These designs would both foster power and function and be free of traditional elements and ornamentation.A leading artist in the Werkbund named Peter Behrens was Gropius mentor and employer. Along with Belgian painter Henry van de Velde, the two men were Gropius main influences in forming the Bauhaus. In the Bauhaus manifesto he wrote in 1919, Gropius vows to return artists to the deep seat of creativity that rests in the handicrafts, and bring unitedly an unbiased pool of artists who would dictate architectural style to the modern world By the grace of Heaven and in rare moments of inspiration which transcend the exit, art may unconsciously blossom from the labour of is hand, but a base in handicrafts is essential to every artist. It is there that the original source of creativity lies. Let us then create a new guild of craftsmen with out the class-distinctions that raise an arrogant barrier amongst craftsmen and artists Let us desire, conceive, and create the new building of the future together. It will combine architecture, sculpture, and painting in a single form, and will one day rise towards the heavens from the hands of a million workers as the polycrystalline symbol of a new and coming faith. In the latter half of this passage, Gropius is expressing a Utopian vision that encompasses the general public building of the future togetherfrom the hands of a million workers. The new styles would not be just for artists, but their work would be accessible to everyone. The nature of the designs would be streamlined and ingenuous to they could be mass-produced. The art would not only be of interest and use to a niche audience but to the majority, so they could appreciate its function and efficiency When the new conservative government of Weimar withdrew support for the Bauhaus in 1925, it found a new home in Des sau.Out of the new home in Dessau came the radical changes in style and material of everyday items, such as tea infusers, office chairs, and table lamps. Most importantly perhaps, the Bauhaus in Dessau was the home of the first workshop for architecture, the gravestone Gropius outlined in his manifesto that would serve as the medium for infusing function and creativity into everyday applications. The new architecture would be the first tangible contributions to industry. previous to this point, Germany had been in the midst of a severe economic crisis brought on by World War I.Now that there was money to be spent, new innovations in architecture began to become the standard in the modern industrial world. The first chance the new school had to prove itself, quite ironically, was by building itself. The school was to be constructed following mostly Gropius designs, now commonplace features of Bauhaus architecture flat roofs, lack of ornamentation, and strict geometric lines. The fir st true revolution in architecture for which the Bauhaus is assign came in the form of the workers housing areas.Architect and Gropius contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe organized an exhibition for architects to design a modern solution for worker housing, with only one reign that each building have a flat roof. Unfortunately no groundbreaking design was hatched, but the designs helped change the culture of architecture forever. The Bauhaus was already establishing itself as a symbol of progressive art and architecture. Following the architectural and industrial boom in Germany, the Bauhaus relocated to America in 1933, fleeing Hitler and the Nazis.New director Laszlo Moholy-Nagy founded the New Bauhaus in Chicago. The spirit of innovation that marked the original Bauhaus was just as prevalent here as New Bauhaus students developed breakthroughs in photography, film, and the use of materials. In America, the Bauhaus style is still influencing the gamut of industrial design, fro m towering skyscrapers that seem to be built entirely out of glass, to wiggle chairs actually made completely of cardboard. Ultimately, postmodernists and modernists stand starkly contrary when it comes to the necessary attributes and function of designs and art.Postmodern culture was born out of a disregard for modernist minimalism, arguably a style perpetuated if not championed by Bauhaus theory. So one idler say modernism is the de facto reason for postmodernisms existence. The practitioners of postmodernism sought to revive theories from previous centuries that appealed to the human need for comfort for the body and beauty for the eye. The true similarity between the two movements was the importance of function. Both schools of thought believed art and architecture specifically should serve to promote the buildings function. The true difference lies in aesthetics.So in the same way we attribute postmodern styles to high art of years past, we can also attribute Bauhaus styles t o the past. Gropius vision of a return to purer geometric forms, a proclivity for functional efficiency, and respect for materials exemplifies this. We see the strong disjunction between modern (Bauhaus) and postmodern style as the latter reacting to the former. Making this connection lets us argue that modernism and postmodernism are actually two aspects of the same movement, and thus shows us that the free-thinking, subjective aspects of postmodernism owe their creation to the logical, analytical aspects of its predecessor.Works Referenced Bauhaus Museum. www. bauhausmuseum. com/history/manifesto Bauhaus School. March 4, 2013. http//thebauhaus. org/thebauhaus/ Chicago Bauhaus and Beyond. March 4, 2013. www. chicagobauhausbeyond. org Exhibit Bauhaus. March 4, 2013. http//bengal. missouri. edu/kuhlerd/art327/index. html Roger Cook. Class notes. http//germanciv. missouri. edu/2320/bauhaus/index. html

Consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes 1598 Essay

The gild of Nantes immediately followed the Wars of Religion, which further divided France in terms of pietism. The rules of order of Nantes could be draw as a significant development in policies regarding pietism in France in the 17th degree centigrade.The policies were implemented by a milkweed thoterfly who sat on the fence when it came to religion, having devotions to both Catholicism and Protestantism, in the shape of enthalpy IV.The Edict of Nantes itself was precise significant as its policy was the first of its configuration in French politics. Never before had a French monarch tolerated both Catholicism and Protestantism and allowed them both to flourish in the same rude. whatsoever Henrys beliefs and motives in implementing much(prenominal) a policy, it was certainly an original policy and a significant development in sixteenth and seventeenth century France. Toleration existed and although it can be argued that Protestants didnt have very much personnel and the Catholics remained in near total control of the majority of areas in the country but the Protestants certainly had more power than they had under previous more anti-Protestant monarchs.The Edict could withal be described as a turning point. Indeed, it could be described as a very significant turning point. Legislation was put in place in an attempt to avoid discrimination against the Protestants. disparity was not evident by the Edict itself it was more of a case of trying to give the Protestants more rights. Henry couldnt go as utmost as giving the Protestants equal legal, religious and political rights because he would lose the support of the Catholics. However, at that place can be no denying the significance of the legislation. It was the attempt to be pragmatic where religion is concerned which resulted in his death. The significance of Henrys reign lies in the difference and the pragmatism of his reign.The actual legislation could be described as ground breaking. The r ights that the Edict of Nantes gave the Protestants included full liberty of conscience and private worship liberty of public worship wherever it had previously been given and its extension to numerous other localities and to estates of Protestant nobles full civil rights including the right to hold public office royal subsidies for Protestant schools special courts, composed of papistic Catholic and Protestant judges, to judge cases involving Protestants retention of the organization of the Protestant church in France and Protestant control of some 200 cities then held by the Huguenots, including such strongholds as La Rochelle, with the king contributing to the maintenance of their garrisons and fortifications.In practice, things were slightly different for the Protestants who were oppressed by the Catholics and still werent allowed anywhere near Paris. It is get that full, equal rights for the Protestants were not given by Henry for example, romish Catholic judges had more p ower in the courts than the Protestant judges did and often Roman Catholic bias came through in a number of cases but there was some attempt to give the Protestants some rights and freedoms which was in itself significant.The Edict of Nantes was also very significant in terms of Henrys foreign policy. He wanted to protect the southern border of France from the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs. Henry was more patriotic than the French kings before him and his policies press out this as he placed the Protestants in the south of France, using the Protestants to protect France from Spain. All of this direction that in terms of French foreign policy the Edict of Nantes carries further significance for a number of reasonsThe removal of the Protestants away from Paris and further towards the south means that Henry IV embarked on a policy of centralisation. There is no doubt that Henry converted to Catholicism and tried to maintain as much power as possible for his Catholic friends in the establishment. Policies were made more in a centralised way i.e. from Paris and the Protestants were freezed out in positions of power by the Catholics. This is significant because of the reign of Louis XIII who furthered the centralisation policy, and shows that there was a trend towards centralisation before Louis XIII came onto the throne. This also shows that Henrys national and foreign policy can easily be linked, which is also significant. All of this emphasises how significant the Edict of Nantes was.Henrys patriotism was also on show in the implementation of the Edict of Nantes. He didnt want any foreign influence in his affairs and he wanted to appease the Protestants. The topper way to appease them was giving them an important role whilst getting what he wanted in his foreign policy by getting the Protestants to protect the borders of France. This is extremely significant as never before had a French monarch been as patriotic as Henry and it is also significant because it indicates that Henry didnt actually want the Catholics to have power in all areas of France which probably indicates that he still had allegiances to the Protestant beliefs despite his conversion to Catholicism.Henrys tactical manoeuvres were also significant in some other way. Basically, he prevented the Wars of Religion from continuing and restarting again. The irony is that his tendency to sit on the fence on the issue of religion in the end cost him his lifetime. This is why some historians place emphasis on the significance of this aspect of the Edict of Nantes. Henrys early life as a Protestant and his subsequent conversion to Catholicism make the Edict of Nantes interesting as well as significant.To consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes, we have to consider the situation in France before Henry IV came to the throne and even beyond the Wars of Religion. The Wars of Religion were where the Calvinist Huguenots (Protestants) and the Catholics did battle for contro l of the monarchy. The Catholics win and maintained control of the monarchy however, it is clear that something needed to be done to prevent another War of Religion from happening.Henry IV was the man with the job of preventing another War of Religion and he turned out to be the perfect man for the job. Unlike most French monarchs in this period, Henry was pragmatic when it came to religion although he had developed a slight preference for Catholicism. Henry felt that they were more important things than religion his patriotism as opposed to his religious beliefs but ultimately it was this that caused his downfall and eventual death.However, the very fact that the Wars of Religion didnt happen again throughout Henry IVs reign is very significant considering the huge division between the two religions. Another War of Religion could have shaped French history differently, especially if the Protestants/Calvinists came out on top. Todays France could also have been completely differe nt if a war wasnt avoided. This makes Henrys reign and of course the Edict of Nantes civilise on further significance.The Edict of Nantes certainly cannot be described as revolutionary but it was almost a complete reform of the laws regarding religion. In reality, there was little reform because there was major exploitation of flaws in the law by the Catholics. However, this shouldnt take anything away from the significance of the Edict of Nantes because the laws created Protestant strangleholds in the south of France.Despite all this, the Edict of Nantes takes on an apparent lack of significance because of what happened to Henry and what happened under the reigns of subsequent monarchs. The Edict was indeed revoked in 1685 and steady the Catholics moved towards a position of total power over the Protestants. So this means that the Edict of Nantes loses some of its significance because the policies of Henry had no impact on future monarchs. During Henrys reign, however, significa nce can be attached to the Edict.

Essay the Matrix Essay

Plato believed that the human being as we see it, is non real but a much illusion, a copy of the real world to be more precise. Take for example if you look at rose or at a woman and you recollect they ar both beautiful, thats manifesting herself in those object, so the idea in this case pure beauty. So according to plato we are non really living in the real world, when we look at a rose or at a woman we are sole(prenominal) seeing at a copy of real beauty. So when plato wrote about the cave, he express that man is chained in much(prenominal) a manner that they face only the shadows of anything that is passing by outback(a) the cave.Because the man has only seen these shadows, he will take it as the real things. So if the man sees the shadow of a tree, because thats the only thing he has seen he will think its a real tree. The only representation to become unchained Plato thought, was to begin to see the real nature of things through the melodic themes eye. yet Plato bel ived that no ane could be taught, they had to see reality for themselves, at most they could only be direct by people who had already been there.Plato continues that when someone sees the real world for the first time, it will be to glaring for the person and will be confused, but only after spending some time his mind like the eye will adjust to the light. In the movie this is more or less what happens to Neo, he is trapped in an illusion, he thinks its real because thats the only thing he has seen. He cannot be told what the matrix is he has to see it for himself, when he first sees it he cannot believe it, but at last accepts it, and so forth.both Platos Cave and the ground substance play with the question are we awake? Both contend that humanity is asleep. Both Plato and the matrix contend that given everyday world is illusionary. Plato because for him the real world are the form beyond the senses and everyday experience are just shadows on the cave wall. The Matrix present s an substratum a real world open rationing underground. And The prisoner who lives the cave, comes into the sun and their eyes are blinded by the light. The same can be seen when neo first came out of the matrix and said my eyes.I cant see. Another of the similitaries is that in the Cave is some Light, the fire which cast the shadows of the puppets on the walls. This Light can be seen as an small aspect of the sun, small aspect of the Truth. It can be said, that there is Truth beyond the illusion, as its source is the Light. The same in the Matrix, the source of the Matrix is in the real world, only difference is that people are the Light of the matrix since they created it. And was told thats because you have never used them before.Another similitaries is that in the Cave the prisoners never used their eyes truly, they were always in the iniquity where they could not see behind themselves to see what was the source of the shadows, in fact their eyes were only adjust/conditioned to the dimness of the Cave to the degree that when one of the prisoners left the cave and saw the outside their eyes were blinded, having never seen it before, or in the matrix having never used their eyes before. The other diference are that Matrix is more political than mystical as in Plato vision.The philosophical view of the nature of reality as seen in the matrix and the allegory of the cave are the Artificial Intelligence machines are the puppeteers, tricking the humans into accept the Matrix is actual reality. The humans that are imprisoned in the Matrix are like the prisoners in the cave. Neo is the prisoner that is freed from the cave into the true reality of the world. The Matrix is the cave, the real world is existence outside the cave. If i compare these views Descartes poses the question of how he can know with certainty that the world he experiences is not an illusion being forced upon him by an evil demon.He reasons since he believes in what he sees and feels trance dreaming, he cannot trust his senses to tell him that he is not still dreaming. His senses cannot provide him with proof that the world even up exists. Descartes evil demon is vividly realized in the Matrix films as the artificial intelligence that forces a virtual reality on humans. Just as Descartes realized that the sensations in his dreams were vivid enough to prevail on _or_ upon him the dreams were real, the humans who are plugged into the Matrix have no idea that their sensations are false, created artificially instead of arising from actual experiences.Until Neo is yanked from the Matrix, he, too, has no idea that his life is a virtual reality. Like Descartes, Neo ultimately knows to take nothing at face value, and to question the existence of even those things, such as chairs, that attend most real. I think that the scenario that is shown in The matrix Couldt happen. because there cant be transported from one world to another through the phone, and cant be alive in tw o equal bodies in two places are just illucions that in real life can not pass never.

The Avengers: Disney’s Recipe for a Blockbuster Success

The Avengers There was an approximation called the avengers initiative, the idea was to bring unitedly a group of remarkable people, see if they could become somewhatthing more, see if they could work together when we needed them to. To fight the battles that we n invariably could. and Until such time as the world ends, we will act as if it intends to spin on. The tesseract has awakened bringing forth the forefront for the action/superhero genre in the form of Disneys The Avengers written and directed by Joss Whedon.With planning years in the making, The Avengers needed a star-studded line-up and it far exceeded expectations with selections. Samuel L Jackson as Nick Fury, the leader of Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division, better known as S. H. I. E. L. D. recruits the powerful, headspring known actors amp comic book characters both on screen and off screen in Captain America (Chris Evans), Thor (Chris Hemsworth), Bruce Banner/The Incredible Hulk (Mark Ruffalo), Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson), and the volatile, self-obsessed, doesnt play headspring with others Tony Stark/Ironman (Robert Downey Jr).Throw in Gwyneth Paltrow, Cobie Smulders, Jeremy Renner and Tom Hiddlestone and all you will need is a plot, script and some visuals to be guaranteed a success. Having a meticulously developed script hampers viewers from allowing attention to drift outside(a) for even a moment in fear of missing one of the witty one-liners or references to a greater idea The Avengers empowers. An ant has no corral with a boot. Not to mention, the plot will disable washroom breaks as you will be immersed in the super heroic battles constantly taking place from the first-year minute to the last, you will forget you ever had to go to begin with. If still teetering to give The Avengers a go a budget of $220 million, mostly spent on visuals such as costumes, sound and special effects should be enough to aesthetically please the eyes enough into g oing.From pin-point accuracy in detail in costumes, to loud booming, breathtaking explosives during battle sequences, The Avengers could easily be the best thing your eyes have ever seen. No matter who you are or what Earth you are from, I would bet my bottom vaulting horse that you cannot watch The Avengers and walk away unsatisfied. With a star studded cast, a meticulous script and plot, and jaw-dropping visuals Disney has created a recipe for blockbuster success certain to burn out many DVD players in households worldwide.

Drug test Essay

Carl Robins, began put to working for ABC, Incorporated, ab out six months ago as a campus recruiter. This is considered a spoilt job, which involves many responsible. Carl had only been with the company for six months, but expressed he was ready to begin recruiting passel. In early April, Carl recruited his first xv people. Those people would be working for Monica Carroll who was the Operations Supervisor. Monica informed Carl that she would need them to be d matchless with orientation and working by July, first.Carl planed for solely fifteen people to begin orientation on June fifteenth, this would give Carl fifteen days to give notice up everything that was not complete. This vitrine muse will treat what Carl Robins was responsible for, it will examine the key riddles, and analysis what caused these occupations, and provide different possible solutions to the problems. The Facts The facts in this case study, some of which have already been discussed previously are as fo llowed Carl had only been working for ABC, Incorporated, for six months to begin with reservation the decision that he was ready to sorb on all the responsibilities of a recruiter.Carl recruited his first fifteen overbold hire employees in early April, and informed all fifteen people that orientation was plan for June fifteenth. Carl received a phone call May, fifteenth from Monica Carrolls, reminding him of the long list of assigns that all the fifteen new hires must have completed. The long list contained the training schedule, orientation manuals, policy handbooks, physicals, and their mandatory do drugs sieves. On May, twenty-sixth, Carl began to look over the new hires files, and realized all the missing newsprintwork that needed to be completed.None of their drug tests had been completed, and Carl could find three orientation manuals all missing pages. The last thing that pushed Carl over the edge was when he passed by the training fashion and noticed all the computer s that were shape up the training manner. That is when Joe informed him Carl had the room reserved for the entire month Key Problems/ Cause of problems Carl Robbins has several different problems at this point, but they all began with one root problem and over time got worse. The root problem that could have made a huge difference it if never happened is called procrastination.According to Psychology Today. com, everyone procrastinates from time to time, but near twenty share of people deliberately avoid tasks that can be difficult and look more for some cast of take a fashionion. It also states that procrastination plays a large role in our struggles with self-control and our ability to predict how we are going to feel tomorrow, or even the following days (Psychologytoday. com). Because Carl chose to procrastinate, many other problems branched transfer from the main(prenominal) problem. Things like not making sure that all the mandatory drug tests were completed, or an day of the month setup for them.Not having all their new hire files complete, or the manuals ready for orientation, not even having a training room for orientation. The causes of all these problems were procrastination, slimy time management skill, and lack of preparation. Due to Carls procrastination, poor time management skills, and lack of preparation it has not only cause more stress on him, but he is going to need guidance from his boss on the best way to plant the problem. Possible Solutions to the Problem First, a list should be made of all the problems then each problem can be addressed separately. The lists of problems are as followed 1.Procrastination 2. Incomplete applications 3. Incomplete orientation Manuals 4. No training room for orientation 5. Mandatory drug tests Procrastination is a problem that many people struggle to over recognise. According to Carol Halsey the Founder and President of Business Organizing Solutions, he stated the four main reason that people proc rastinate is because of poor habits, feeling overwhelmed, trying to be perfect, and would rather be doing something else (powerhomebiz. com). here are 10 tips that Carl and many other people could try that will him them stop procrastinating 1.1 hold the line perfectionism in check, make a list but not one that is imposable to accomplish. 2. 2 Get rapid things out of the way, try doing all the small things on the list first. 3. Take small steps, break things conquer into small projects so you dont get overwhelmed. 4. Reward yourself, as you accomplish small goals of all time reward yourself, it can become motivation. 5. Do the easy things first, try to do the easy things first so you dont get overwhelmed. 6. Alternatively, maybe do the hard things first, try getting the hard things out of the way first? 7. Be an optimist, all ways stay positive, see the good things about the dapple 8.Do not let temptations fuel you, do not let things like TV, and your phone distract you. 9. Use your energy wisely, Try to tackle your list when you have to most energy 10. Find nutriment from others, if you are having trouble with something ask for foster (Stressabout. com) The next problem that needs to be addressed making sure that the new hires have completed all of their application. This problem is not a difficult one to fix. After going through all the files, set aside the ones that need to be finished. Give them a call and set up a time in the next week to have them finish fill all the proper paper work out.I order to fix the next problem Carl needs to find a manual that does not have any missing pages. One way to try to locate one is send out a mass email and mark it as urgent, asking your fellow employees for helping you locate it. Once you get your hands on one that is complete. make the copies should be a breeze. Now that Carl knows the training is not available, he needs to find a room big enough to fit sixteen people. Again never be afraid to ask for help for others to help fix things. Sending out emails or asking around is a good animate being that needs to be utilized.If all else fells Carl could always call his local library and see if they have a training room use. Mandatory drug tests are one of the first things that need to be taken care of. Most pre- employment drug testing sites operate on a first come first serve basis. When you send someone for a drug test there is a paper that is filled out by the employer that they will need to take will them. The person taking the test will need to make sure they have their identification that shows who they are. The best plan of action that Carl should take is first to call the fifteen people and tell them he needs them to meet at his locating at eight A.M. the following morning. At that point, he can finish all the paper work needed and send them for their drug test. Then he needs to send out emails asking about a training room, and the orientation manuals. Wish a little help from his f ellow co-workers he should not have a problem completing those tasks Conclusion It is important when given a task to set up a plan and stick to it. If you procrastinate like has done, and many others people. You will find yourself in a bad way(p) out and rushing to get everything completed.Let this be a lesson that it is important to stay on task and not wait until the last minute to try to get things done. After reading this case study now can understand the problems Carl encountered, what he did wrong that caused those problems, and different ideas to fix the problems and not make the uniform mistakes in the future. References Procrastination How To Stop Procrastination, retrieved from, http//stress. about. com/od/Stress-Management-How-To/ht/How-To-Stop-Procrastination-10-Tips-To-Try. htm Psych Basics Procrastination retrieved from, http//www. psychologytoday. com/basics/procrastination.

Quality Measure

In evidence to initiate the habitual Shopper Program leash important stairs must be taken. musical note government agency process and procedures to get wind the functionality and performance requirements are met second, examination procedures to ensure the application is operational at both last(predicate) levels this includes platformming net spend a pennying, systems and interfaces third, implementation steps and procedures necessary to achieve operational status.This paper is to maintain and produce a product that is high level quality which go out be a critical factor in the production of a successful package system and exit remain so during the entire project. software system system Development Life Cycle comprises Software Requirement Analysis, placement Analysis and Design, Code Generation, Testing, Maintenance and Quality Assurance. Our Quality Assurance process is a part of Software Development Life Cycle. (Rainbow, 2008) (Rainbow, 2008) Quality effrontery is not a wholeness man job it takes a squad to make sure everything is make plantly.An organizational structure of the quality team pass on be developed. Once a team has been created policies will be designed in order to interpret structure where positions, roles, responsibility will be created in order for a positive operation and organization. This will establish a chain of command in order to make the objective affective. Effective method for monitoring quality assurance because it analyzes existing conditions and methods utilise to provide the product or service customers. The goal is to ensure that excellence is inherent in every component of the process.Quality assurance also helps determine whether the steps used to provide the product or go are appropriate for the time and conditions. (Wise Geek, 2011) Second will be defining a quality assurance process, the quality assurance manager (Todd Albright) for Kudler Frequent Shopper Program will be responsible for oversee ing solely three Kudler Locations and each QA member will be assigned to a specific location and the QA tasks and will be referred to as external while the individual quality of work will be known as external.The external quality assurance tasks will include the following(a) maintaining the QA documents, ensures verification occurs and is logged, preparation for attendance of all inspections, inspect any audits, post unit exam, the development team is provided input from the activities of the QA, and the software engineering team are assigned any defects repair. The external team will be responsible for their individual work and maintaining their own databases and unit testing including metrics. Metrics are numerical measures that quantify the degree to which software or a process possesses a given attribute.Examples of metrics are defects per thousand lines of code and average software module size. Metrics are collected and analyzed throughout the software life one shot, and help with the following Determining software quality level Estimating project schedules Tracking schedule progress Determining software size and complexity (University of Phoenix 2010) Documentation will also be produced during the project this will exist of any software design documents, test documents, verification and validation plans and software configuration plans.Todd Albright who has been assigned as the QA manger will overlook the QA organization team members and will be able to approve any quality assurance function performed. Todd Albright will also ensure that coding standards will meet guidelines which will be no more than 2 defects per every 1000 lines and to ensure meetings, audits, reviews will be conducted double a month to ensure the quality of the software. In addition to provide quality processes the QA teams will provide independent testing while educating the engineers for internal quality and will work tight with the project managers to ensure a successful d evelopment.The last goal for quality assurance will be to take no critical or any serious defects, the design will have no more than one defect a diagram, the code will consists of less than two defects per 1000 lines of non commented coding. To ensure the software is working(a) four different types of testing will be done unit testing, integration testing, system testing and use integration testing. Unit testing will be conducted by the chopinemers who developed the code of the program making sure there are no errors this will help determine to see if the software is doing what is meant for.Unit testing provides some undeniable advantages. It allows for automation of the testing process, reduces difficulties of discovering errors contained in more complex pieces of the application, and test reportage is often enhanced because attention is given to each unit. (MSDN, 2011) The next step in testing the Frequent Shopper program is the integration testing, this will test two differe nt units that have already passed the unit testing to see if they will work together. The approach that will be used will be the top-down approach which requires the highest level modules be tested first.This will ensure a high data emanate and be tested early in the process rigorously this way it meets the quality standards.. The third step that will be conducted is the system test which will be conducted by the testing team it will cover any cases and scenarios, the technical requirements, specifications and making sure it meets the business and functional requirements. System Testing is a crucial step in Quality Management Process. * In the Software Development Life cycle System Testing is the first level where The System is tested as a whole The System is tested to affirm if it meets the functional and technical requirements *The application/System is tested in an environment that closely resembles the production environment where the application will be finally deployed *The System Testing enables us to test, verify and validate both the Business requirements as well as the Application Architecture (Exforsys Inc, 2011) Once final testing has started the final stage can be conducted which is implementing the project into plan.The maintenance team will correct any errors during the implementation phase and provide user end support if needed during the implantation phase, the program will be reviewed by the QA manager making sure all the objectives for the project plan have been implemented, and are running as they should be.

Counseling Scenario

The imprimatur scenario involves children in a divorce counseling group. It is expected that emotions shtup and will be stirred. Surprisingly, my co-leader became angry at one of the children after the latter described how angry she is at her mother. My co-leader reacted by comparing the child with her girl and the childs mother to another victim. The reaction of my co-leader is certainly uncalled for and is beyond our professional limits as counselors.Nevertheless, there atomic number 18 several ways in handling the situation. The most immediate step that can be done is to control the situation. This can be achieved by directly intervening and talking things down. I can ex force field to the child that my co-leader has also been in the same situation as hers and that, as a consequence, her feelings can go off as well. On the other hand, I will also branch my co-leader that we should be professional in dealing with the children.I will explain to her that much is expected from us as counselors, and that we should not let our personal dowery cloud our judgment. I will further incite her that the reason why we be counseling the children in the first place is because they need counseling and because we are in a better position to understand their experiences. It is said that to behave in ways which are destructive to oneself or others is not only distressing and disturbing, but also ethically inadmissible (Callender, 1998, p. 77).This particularly applies to counselors. Ethical guidelines should always be kept in mind so that counselors will act fittingly with respect to their clients (Voskuijl and Evers, 2007). It is important for us, counselors, to bear in mind our professional responsibilities. We should not let our emotions and personal circumstances get in the way of our responsibilities towards others. My co-leader should learn from the ethical guidelines of being a counselor or from plain moral sensibilities.

Public Health and Access to Quality Health Services Assignment - 1

Public Health and Access to Quality Health operate - Assignment ExampleMost noteworthy public wellness achievements in the 20th century hold up been the eradication of smallpox and poliomyelitis and significant control over diphtheria, rubella, measles, influenza type b and several(prenominal) other infectious diseases in the US, the vaccination program continues beyond 2010 for several deadly diseases. Tobacco was a health hazard all through the 20th century and it is still considered hazardous in the refreshful millennium along with substance abuse. Immunization and infectious disease control have been continuing a major health concern in the new millennium. Diabetes, obesity (overweight), oral health, fitness and physical activity, sexually transmitted diseases are posing a big health hazard. Heart disease and stroke bar and treatment have been a new thrust area in the goals of healthy the great unwashed 2010. The health practices have evolved since last several decades. The healthy people goals of 2010 are the bit different than the goals of healthy people in 20th century. In the current times, living long and healthy is a health mantra and so identifying health improvement priorities is an important task. The emphasis is on increasing public awareness towards the chief components of health with respect to disease and disability and access to health services for everyone is a must. Air quality index number (less than 50) as a measurement of environmental quality is a new introduction to live healthily and breathe healthily. Physical activity and proper nutrition for children and adults will be crucial in achieving health goals. The plan needs to be patient-centered, faster and affordable that supports people to become healthier. The plan aims at providing daylong lives free of preventable disease, healthy life free of disability, disease, injury and premature death. It also aims at creating loving and physical environments to create improved healt h for all. Promoting healthy behaviors to attain the quality of life is also a focus of health plan.

Policies on greenhouse gas emissions by Canadian industries Essay

Policies on greenhouse gas emissions by Canadian industries - Essay ExampleOur beautiful priming coat since its origination has been a hotbed of activity. Activity in the sense, we worldly concern has been entangled in various activities, utilizing our physical as well as mental part. The activities wholly caused tremendous transformations, transforming our lump from a primitive one to a developed one. But, one can see that these activities not only resulted in development, but also have resulted in destructions to our earth. That is, in his/her quest to achieve advancement humans have invented or inventing many tools. The same tools have turned out to be life electronegative tools, transforming into a threatening problems, damaging human lives and importantly the earths environment, which sustain that human lives. So, this composition will discuss the serious environmental problem of Climate change caused by Greenhouse accelerator Emissions and the Canadian Government respons e to it, particularly the industry it targets, the intent, the desired and meaningful impact of these government policies.Our land due to its position in the solar system is the recipient of comfortable warmth from the sun. This has been the feature of earth from its origination, but this favorable aspect had begun to show changes. That is, from the comfortable heat our ancestors faced, the global environment including Canadas is existence exposed to a lot more hotness causing dangerous repercussions. So, this increase in the mean(a) temperature on the Earths near-surface air in recent years or decades have been the basis for climate change.

Pebble Smart Watch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pebble Smart Watch - Research Paper ExampleThe Pebble Smartwatch, in its latest contract in Kickstarter, has been touted as the most funded project in the history of the site, generating close to $9 million in pre- orders during the first day of its funding campaign. Indeed, the campaign easily topped $14 million dollars a few days after the watch made its re-entry in the crowdfunding site. The massive popularity of the watch was evident in the means its first forays into crowdfunding in Kickstarter were also massively successful. This success allowed the firm behind it to launch itself into viability on vigor much than the success of this first crowdfunding initiative.Aside from the basic Pebble, which was launched earlier, the in the raw crowdfunding initiative has the introduction of a new product variant, known as the Pebble Time Steel. This new model sells for $250 and has been well-subscribed. On the other hand, those massive meter in sales translate to more modest number scales when it comes to enjoin units, as the Pebble Time has been ordered by just 57,000 customers. To put this number into perspective, the launch of the new Apple watch product is expect to generate millions of units in sales, if not hundreds of millions. This tells us something of the target market of the watch presently, and of the way by which the military rank of the marketing strategy and the marketing mix of the product range is to proceed (Murphy). The latest figures, meanwhile, put the constitutional raised funds for the new watches at $20 million dollars and counting, making this latest Kickstarter foray a massive success (Weber and Babb).On the other hand, the overall levels of sales Pebble are encouraging at more than one million units at the end of 2014. To be sure, the initial distribution point of the Internet and Kickstarter had been complemented in 2013 by the entry of Pebble watches in Best Buy, but one can say that

Child psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child psychology - Essay ExampleDuring the childhood of Jennie Hawthorne, there were no some(prenominal) takeaway meals or frozen meals, and there ar still no computers and no refrigerators and this is far contrary from the common environment of children. The life of Jennie Hawthorne in Bethnal Green is full of struggles, from her own family, environment, and herself however, these factors influenced and transforms her life.Hundred of studies already enter the association between poverty and childrens wellness, exertion, and behavior. There is an observed correlation between poverty and child outcomes, and it has an resolution on child and adolescent well being. The income of a family appears to be strongly related to the childrens ability and achievement than to their emotional outcomes. In the life of Jennie Hawthorne, she grew up in a family that full of struggles in life and poverty, she hitherto needs to quit from school and go earning. Most of her life, she had illness es and it affects her childhood life. Their community is full of crimes, and she still recalls everything that she witnessed.Children who lived and experienced poverty have lower rates of school completion. Jennie Hawthorne encountered inadequate nutrition and fewer learning experiences, asymmetry of residence, exposed to environmental toxins, family violence, and dangerous lanes. The East end always signifies diversity in culture, there are always new immigrants arriving and there is ethnic mix of the twenties. These diversities can be observed through the call and faces of the people, some of them are from Lithuania, Russia, Poland, and Italy and they joined the Irish who arrived in the place during the middle of the 19th century. The Irish who time-tested to escape from the famine in Ireland and people never had an English name. Everything about the place was still in the mind of Jennie, she still remembers during the time when there were still no any buses or trains and it s eems that the whole street was their playground. Jennie still remembers the ships that were packed at Londons great river and for the people they considered France as a dream. Jennie still remembers all her memories in Bethnal Green, as her parents are fighting, and she remembers who she dreamed to go beyond the East End of her childhood that her study and work take her to strange places. The recall about the place, demonstrates how the young Jennie Crawley inhabited a small and very euphoric world in the East End. There is greenery in Victoria Park and it seems that everything was already there in the place. Poverty significantly affect the child development. The socioeconomic status has relationship with the child health and it is observed in most industrialized countries. This is observed in the occurrence of poverty especially by lack of material resources. Poverty is not a static condition, and there can be numerous entries and exits for this situation. Jennie Hawthorne P 3mo rtality and morbidity, and poverty also affects the child health as it jeopardizes their future vainglorious health. Most of the adult chronic health problems like cardiovascular diseases are originated from the pregnancy and during the first geezerhood of their life. The status of poverty is linked to poor child development and they are likely to have problems in completing school and they have low scores in

Murderous Monsters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Murderous Monsters - Research Paper ExampleHer look does non obviously point out to a come toer besides she is definitely a monster a theory she quickly banishes in front of police by saying, looks can be deceiving(Miranda Barbour Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers).Miranda claimed that she had been sexually abused by an uncle when she was thirteen years old and it was set her desire for murder in identification numberion. She felt up she wanted revenge for what her uncle had done to her. Her mother Elizabeth confirmed the claim stating that her sisters husband was a child sexual convict subsequently being in prison for fourteen years and that the act overwhelmed her .She was thirteen years of age by then and it was when she committed her first murder. This murder she claimed to have perpetrated after joining a devilish cult which introduced her to murder. Her mentor and cult leader invited Miranda to escort him to one of his debtors whom they lured into an alley. at bottom the alley, the cult leader shot the debtor and finally gave Miranda the gun to also try shooting. Although she shot the man, Miranda confessed that she never likes killing her victims with guns she likes using a knife a murder weapon consistent even with the murder of troy. Since her first shooting incidence where her cult leader taught her how to shoot by placing his hands and hers on the cancel and killing the debtor instantly, the thirst to kill just grew and grew bigger?( Satan, Rape and Murder The Life of Miranda Barbour, Craigslist Killer).Miranda was soon joined by a young man Elyette Barbour who was also in the devilish cult with her. They tie the knot in October twenty thirteen when he was twenty two years old. She got pregnant but her cult membersperformed several abortions on her by use of drugs while being tied on a chair. The pregnancies were not form her husband Elyette but were form cult leaders since having sexual relations with children was pct of the cul ts many rituals. He pregnancy form her husband occurred

Bulgaria and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bulgaria and the European Union - Essay ExampleAlthough Bulgarian has apply significant institutional changes, it still must overcome its past and some important domestic hurdles. This question paper will explore the accession of Bulgaria into the ranks of the European Union through an analysis of the process, as headspring as the challenges this country faces within the EU framework. This is important, not only for Bulgaria and current EU member states and also for future EU enlargement. Accordingly, accelerated Europeanisation will be discussed with reference to the Bulgarian case in the European Union (Richardson 2001, p. 44 Nugent 2003, 23-33 see Warleigh 2004).The EU is a supranational body composed of helping member states, found largely on the European peninsula. Democracy, negotiation, and collective decision-making through multilateralism argon all intact attributes of the modern EU. As a multinational organization, the EU represents various national interests within an overarching political framework. The EU is an international organization which operates on the basis of negotiation between member states and relies on collective decision-making to obtain its ends. ... Although there were initially only five members of the precursor to the European Union (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany), there are presently 27 countries in the EU and they are, in alphabetical order, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and finally, the United Kingdom. Countries shortly seeking membership in the EU include parts of the former Federal State of Yugoslavia as well as Turkey. A political and economic powerhouse, this intergovernmental organization is estimated to account for up to 30% of the worlds quantity Gross Domestic Product (see Warleigh 2004).Although it has not always been the case, modern-day Europe is characterized by a unifying representative political culture. While the concept of democracy originated on its shores, the philosophy of democratic governance was challenged in 20th century Europe by authoritarian political movements, including fascism (expressed by Nazi Germany & Mussolinis Italy), and communism (as exemplified in Eastern Europe during the Cold War). With Allied victory in World War II and the late(a) collapse of the Soviet Union, democracy - in varying degrees- is now a universal trend amongst European states. In fact liberal democracy, best expressed by the states of Western Europe with entrenched democratic traditions, is quickly becoming the standard for the continent. Democratic norms and rules have subsequently been established