Zoonotic Diseases and Risk Factors - 1343 Words

The purpose of this paper is to focus on a subject within my educational field that I can research and inform the public about. I plan to become a veterinarian .which would require my daily contact with humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are risk factors that I have to be aware of in order to protect myself as well as my patients and their owners. Luckily developments in medicine have made it possible to cure zoonotic diseases and even prevent them from ever being contracted. There are thing that make people more susceptible to contracting zoonotic diseases. Either it’s knowingly or unknowingly, humans are prone to the dangers of being direct targets of zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are transmittable in various ways weather†¦show more content†¦Transmitted naturally zoonotic diseases have been around for many years. Dating back to biblical times as well as Ancient Greece, zoonotic diseases were referred to as plagues. One in particular, in fact the most noted plague, to cross mankind was from 1348 through 1350 called the black plague. The Black plague is a bacterial infection named Yersinia pestis. The ancient zoonotic disease was said to be transmitted by an oriental rat fleas carried by black rats who were in direct contact with humans. These infected rats traveled with humans on ships during trade. In 1348 medication used to treat the black plague were remedies like the vinegar and water treatment. The vinegar and water treatmen t directed that the infected person be put to bed and bathed with vinegar and rose water. Other remedies and medications ordered the infected person to drink a mixture every morning and every night. This mixture included roasting the shells of newly laid eggs. Then ground the roasted shells into a powder. Chop up the leaves and petals of marigold flowers. Put the egg shells and marigolds into a pot of good ale. Add treacle and warm over a fire. The patient should drink this mixture every morning and night. Now antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin are used to treat this disease. Also Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support areShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Influenza Viruses1332 Words   |  6 Pages1 Executive summary Influenza viruses are zoonotic pathogens that constantly circulate and change animal hosts this includes birds, pigs, horses and humans. The possibility of emergence of new virulent strains that is able to cause human epidemic or pandemic is significantly high. Rapid development in this field continues at a rapid rate leading to constant updates on theory, techniques, and applications that are important for informing users of genetic information. This study aims to detect andRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of A Disease System1253 Words   |  6 PagesDISCUSSION Zoonotic disease systems are complex and difficult to predict because there are a large number of biotic and abiotic variables (Alexander et al. 2012). These variables may include biological, genetic, ecological, environmental, and socio-economic factors (Wilcox and Gubler 2005, Estrada-Pena et al 2014). However, integrated models can provide crucial insights into the ecological dynamics of a disease system (Plowright et al. 2008), and they can help inform public health interventionsRead MoreClimate Change : A Look On Public Health1261 Words   |  6 Pageshealth risks are stated in a testimony to the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, by Howard Frumkin (Director of the National Center for Environmental Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)), said that possible public health effects of the climate change are direct effects of heat, health effects related to extreme weather events, air pollution -related health effects, water and food-borne infectious diseases, vector-borneRead MoreHuman Disease Case Study1058 Words   |  5 Pageswhilst affecting more restricted populations and less livestock, causes more serious health problems with vesicles in the lungs and liver that invade and destroy surrounding tissues. Despite the number of human cases being relatively low the global disease burden is still in excess of 666 000 DALYs due to a mortality rate of up to 75% (Torgerson, 2013). 90% of cases occur on the Tibetan plateau of China and through remote areas of Eastern Europe and Alaska, corresponding to regions where a high prevalenceRead MoreChallenges Facing Emerging Infectious Diseases2398 Words   |  10 Pagesglobal responses and solutions to the spread of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). EIDs can be defined as infections that are newly emerging or have existed previously in a particular region and then reemerged at a rapidly increasing incidence rate (Calistri et a l., 2013). Many of the emerging infectious diseases today, including those caused by transboundary diseases and bioterrorist agents, are zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that are transmissible from both wild and domestic animals to humansRead MoreThe Public Health Triad Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of public health in our society cannot be underestimated. The main goal of public health is to prevent and control diseases with the aim of promoting health. Humans contribute to this health promotion. However, human actions are also responsible to some detrimental health effects. Human behavior through habitat modification has led to the emergence of infectious diseases â€Å"Modification of natural habitats by humans is a leading cause of emerging zoonoses† (Battle, 2009, P 32). Humans contributeRead MoreInfectious Diseases : New Infectious Disease2041 Words   |  9 PagesTopic B: New Diseases Throughout history, the emergence of infectious diseases has led to a proliferation of control treatments. Despite successful control methods, the recurring emergence of both new and old infectious diseases has preserved human mortality (Schrag Wiener 1995, p. 319). It is the globalisation of such infections that traverse, the single appearance of a disease, to the entire world within a limited time span. The definition of emerging infections according to Schwartz and YogevRead MoreEffects of Antimicrobial Use in Concetrated Animal Feeding Operations1473 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresent a potential pathway for the selection and distribution of cephalosporin-resistant pathogens and subsequent zoonotic infection of humans (2-5). Background There is widespread concern that modern commercial food animal production practices are contributing significantly to this public health issue by maintaining a reservoir for resistance genes and providing multiple potential zoonotic transmissions of these genes to humans including foodborne, direct contact, and environmental routes of infectionRead MoreAnimal Husbandry And Hygiene Behaviors Associated With Calf Rearing1805 Words   |  8 PagesCalf diarrhea or ‘scours’ is a commonly reported disease and a significant cause of economic losses and decreasing productivity of dairy producers. Disease prevention and management is important from both a calf and public health perspective due to positive association between exposure to domestic animals and human diarrheal disease. The aim of the community report and scientific review is to identify the zoonotic enteric diseases of neonatal calves and identify animal husbandry and hygiene behaviorsRead MoreAntibiotic Resistance As A Worldwide Health Risk Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesAntibiotic resistance (ABR) is a worldwide health risk that has people brought by attention. According to, Barlam, and Gupta authors in the article, â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance Spreads Internationally Across Borders†, state that â€Å"ABR develops when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics either during treatments in humans or animals or through environmental sources contaminated with antibiotic residues† (12). Therefore, ABR is causing humans with bacterial infections, unable to treat infections because of

House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Un-American Activities Committee was empowered for more than three decades to investigate subversive activity in American society. The committee began operating in 1938, but its greatest impact came following World War II, when it engaged in a highly publicized crusade against suspected communists. The committee exerted  a far-reaching impact on society, to the extent that phrases such as naming names became part of the language, along with Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? A subpoena to testify before the committee, commonly known as HUAC, could derail someones career. And some Americans essentially had their lives destroyed by the committees actions. Many names called to testify before the committee during its most influential period, in the late 1940s and 1950s, are familiar, and include actor Gary Cooper, animator and producer Walt Disney, folksinger Pete Seeger, and future politician Ronald Reagan. Others called to testify are far less familiar today, in part because their popularity was brought to an end when HUAC came calling. 1930s: The Dies Committee The committee was first formed  as the brainchild of a congressman from Texas, Martin Dies. A conservative Democrat who had supported rural New Deal programs during Franklin Roosevelts first term, Dies had become disillusioned when Roosevelt and his cabinet demonstrated support for the labor movement. Dies, who had a flair for befriending influential journalists and attracting publicity, claimed communists had widely infiltrated American labor unions. In a flurry of activity, the newly formed committee, in 1938, began making accusations about communist influence in the United States. There was already a rumor campaign, helped along by conservative newspapers and commentators such as the very popular radio personality and priest Father Coughlin, alleging the Roosevelt administration harbored communist sympathizers and foreign radicals. Dies capitalized on the popular accusations. The Dies Committee became a fixture in newspaper headlines as it held hearings focused on how politicians reacted to strikes by labor unions. President Roosevelt reacted by making his own headlines. In a press conference on October 25, 1938, Roosevelt denounced the committees activities, in particular, its attacks on the governor of Michigan, who was running for reelection.   A story on the front page of the New York Times the following day said the presidents criticism of the committee had been delivered in caustic terms.  Roosevelt was outraged that the committee had attacked the governor over actions he had taken during a major strike at automobile plants in Detroit the previous year. Despite public skirmishing between the committee and the Roosevelt administration, the Dies Committee continued its work. It eventually named more than 1,000 government workers as being suspected communists, and essentially created a template for what would occur in later years. The Hunt for Communists In America The work of the House Un-American Activities Committee faded in significance during World War II. That was partly because the United States was allied with the Soviet Union, and the need for the Russians to help defeat the Nazis outweighed immediate concerns about communism. And, of course, the publics attention was focused on the war itself. When the war ended, concerns about communist infiltration in American life returned to the headlines. The committee was reconstituted under the leadership of a conservative New Jersey congressman, J. Parnell Thomas. In 1947 an aggressive investigation began of suspected communist influence in the movie business. On October 20, 1947, the committee began hearings in Washington in which prominent members of the film industry testified. On the first day, studio heads Jack Warner and Louis B. Mayer denounced what they called un-American writers in Hollywood, and swore not to employ them. The novelist Ayn Rand, who was working as a screenwriter in Hollywood, also testified and denounced a recent musical film, Song of Russia, as a vehicle of communist propaganda. The hearings continued for days, and prominent names called to testify guaranteed headlines. Walt Disney appeared as a friendly witness expressing fears of communism, as did actor and future president Ronald Reagan, who was serving as the president of the actors union, the Screen Actors Guild. The Hollywood Ten The atmosphere of the hearings changed when the committee called a number of Hollywood writers who had been accused of being communists. The group, which included Ring Lardner, Jr., and Dalton Trumbo, refused to testify about their past affiliations and suspected involvement with the Communist Party or communist-aligned organizations. The hostile witnesses became known as the Hollywood Ten. A number of prominent show business personalities, including Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, formed a committee to support the group, claiming their constitutional rights were being trampled. Despite public demonstrations of support, the hostile witnesses were ultimately charged with contempt of Congress. After being tried and convicted, the members of the Hollywood Ten served one-year terms in federal prisons. Following their legal ordeals, the Hollywood Ten were effectively blacklisted and couldnt work in Hollywood under their own names.   The Blacklists People in the entertainment business accused of communist of subversive views began to be  blacklisted. A booklet called Red Channels was published in 1950 which named 151 actors, screenwriters, and directors suspected of being communists. Other lists of suspected subversives circulated, and those who were named were routinely blacklisted. In 1954, the Ford Foundation sponsored a report on blacklisting led by a former magazine editor John Cogley. After studying the practice, the report concluded that the blacklist in Hollywood was not only real, it was very powerful. A front-page story in the New York Times on June 25, 1956, described the practice in considerable detail. According to Cogleys report, the practice of blacklisting could be traced to the case of the Hollywood Ten being named by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Three weeks later, an editorial in the New York Times summarized some major aspects of blacklisting: Mr. Cogleys report, published last month, found that blacklisting is almost universally accepted as a face of life in Hollywood, constitutes a secret and labyrinthine world of political screening in the radio and television fields, and is now part and parcel of life on Madison Avenue among advertising agencies that control many radio and TV programs. The House Committee on Un-American Activities responded to the report on blacklisting by calling the author of the report, John Cogley before the committee. During his testimony, Cogley was essentially accused of trying to help hide communists when he would not reveal confidential sources. The Alger Hiss Case In 1948 HUAC was at the center of a major controversy when journalist Whitaker Chambers, while testifying before the committee, accused a State Department official, Alger Hiss, of having been a Russian spy. The Hiss case quickly became a sensation in the press, and a young congressman from California, Richard M. Nixon, a member of the committee, fixated on Hiss. Hiss denied the accusations by Chambers during his own testimony before the committee. He also challenged Chambers to repeat the accusations outside of a congressional hearing (and beyond congressional immunity), so he could sue him for libel. Chambers repeated the charge on a television program and Hiss sued him. Chambers then produced microfilmed documents which he said Hiss had provided to him years earlier. Congressman Nixon made much of the microfilm, and it helped propel his political career. Hiss was eventually charged with perjury, and after two trials he was convicted and served three years in federal prison. Debates about the guilt or  innocent of Hiss have continued for decades. The End of HUAC The committee continued its work through the 1950s, though its importance seemed to fade. In the 1960s, it turned its attention to the Anti-War Movement. But after the committees heyday of the 1950s, it did not attract much public attention. A 1968 article about the committee in the New York Times noted that while it was once flushed with glory HUAC had created little stir in recent years...   Hearings to investigate the Yippies, the radical and irreverent political faction led by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, in the fall of 1968 turned into a predictable circus. Many members of Congress began to view the committee as obsolete. In 1969, in an effort to distance the committee from its controversial past, it was renamed the House Internal Security Committee. Efforts to disband the committee gained momentum, spearheaded by Father Robert Drinan, a Jesuit priest serving as a congressman from Massachusetts. Drinan, who was very concerned about the civil liberties abuses of the committee, was quoted in the New York Times: Father Drinan said he would continue to work to kill the committee in order to improve the image of Congress and protect the privacy of citizens from the libelous and outrageous dossiers maintained by the committee.The committee keeps files on professors, journalists, housewives, politicians, businessmen, students, and other sincere, honest individuals from every part of the United States who, unlike the proponents of the blacklisting activities of HISC, the the First Amendment at face value, he said. On January 13, 1975, the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives voted to abolish the committee.   While the House Un-American Activities Committee had stalwart supporters, especially during its most controversial years, the committee generally exists in American memory as a dark chapter. The abuses of the committee in the way it tormented witnesses stands as a warning against reckless investigations which target American citizens.

Human Rights Animal Rights Essay - 1490 Words

Animal Rights Name Institutional Affiliation Animal Rights Animal rights as well as animal welfare are different concepts that identify variant points in a continuum that extends from the exploitation of animals to the animal liberation. Animal rights can be perceived as the belief in the fact that humans have no right to take advantage of animals for their gains, in the farms, labs entertainment or in the wild as well as the prohibition of unnecessary cruelty against animals. A number of distinctions can be made when it comes to these terms, but at the end of the day, they all connote the concern for welfare and suffering of animals. There have been a number of aggressive and cruel actions against animals. Some of the most notable topics are inclusive of vivisection, which makes reference to the cutting up of the animals. It makes refers to all experimental procedures that result in the death of injury of the animal. Specialism refers to the discrimination or the exploitation of certain species or animals by the human, which is based on the assumption that humanity is more superior (Animalethics.org.uk, 2015). History Animal Rights Legislation The concern for animals is an element that has emerged in a number of laws, from the Old Testament to date. For instance, there were requirements that stipulated that animals ought to rest on the Sabbath. There were other forms ofShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1857 Words   |  8 PagesWhether we think about it or not, our views on animal rights affect the choices we make every day from the foods we eat, the clothes we wear, the products we use on our skin, the medicine we take, and even the pets we may or may not keep in our home. Each of these choices hinge on our views of animal rights. Although animal rights are not a new issue we are facing here in the U.S., recent events have brought t hem back into the foreground. News stories like the slaying of Cecil the lion, and HarambeRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1627 Words   |  7 Pages Animal rights is a very controversial topic in today’s world. This controversy began back in 1975 when Peter Singer’s novel Animal Liberation was published. In the book, Singer explains the issues we still face at the top of animal protectionism today. Although Singer and his theories enlightened a lot of people of animal protectionism, he actually did not start the animal rights debate. People started questioning the status of animals all the way back to ancient Greece. Some people in these timesRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1808 Words   |  8 PagesThe idea that animals have rights seems to be heavily agreed on by a large majority of scholars whom have studied this topic. However, what comes into question is understanding the severity and range of these rights. How do we determine the level of animal rights? How do we understand animal rights in relation to human rights? This paper aims to address these questions by showing that animals have the basic righ ts to live a life without harm, but cannot have equal rights to humans because of ourRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Cruelty1908 Words   |  8 Pages(iii) Animal Rights Once rights are granted to certain groups of people, more and different types of group also starts asking for rights. This is an example of a â€Å"slippery slope† argument. Similarly, there are groups of people who advocates for the rights of animals. They are speaking out against cruelty that animals have to go through like slaughtering them for food, conducting different kinds of experiments on them, etc. While pro-animal rights people argue about those types of â€Å"cruelty,† anotherRead MoreAnimal Rights, Human Wrongs929 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Animal and Human Rights Should animals be used for humans joy or prosperity? People still are yet to agree on if animals should be basically used for anything that humans want, or if animals deserve their own rights. The viewpoint from animal believers is that there are no advantages fro using animals, but from a scientist and researchers viewpoint animals can be helped and are necessary for human’s existence. In both essays, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to beRead MoreShould Animals Be Granted The Rights And Protection Of Humans?1152 Words   |  5 PagesIf animals are so different from humans, then why should they be granted the rights and protection of humans as stated in our Constitution (Hurley, 1999, p. 49)? As the Bible states in Genesis 1:26, â€Å"And God said... Let them [human beings] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,†(â€Å"ProCon.org†, 2015). Mankind has rule over animals, to respect them and love them, but also to use them as necessary (Harnack, 1996). The AmericanRead MoreDo Animals Have A Say?: Comparative Analysis of Animal Rights, Human Wrongs and Proud to be Speciecist1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof animal testing for human advantages has always been a debatable topic. It is still undecided whether the use of animals for human benefits is morally right. On the other hand it is scientists and researchers who think that animals are good testing subjects because of various reasons such as preventing harmful products or finding cures to diseases. The two essays â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to be Speciesist† by Stephen Rose talk about the concerns of animal rights butRead MoreAnimal Rights and Human Wrongs6049 Words   |  25 Pages5 Animal Rights and Human Wrongs Hugh LaFollette Are there limits on how human beings can legitimately treat non-human animals? Or can we treat them just any way we please? If there are limits, what are they? Are they sufficiently strong, as som e peop le supp ose, to lead us to be veg etarians and to se riously curtail, if not eliminate, our use of non-human animals in `scientific experiments designed to benefit us? To fully ap preciate this question let me contrast it with two differentRead MoreP.E.T.A.: Animal Rights, Human Abuse1707 Words   |  7 PagesWith over 850,000 active members, the animal rights organization People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has blossomed into an exceptionally powerful speech community. Their main goal is to enlighten others about the prominent existence of animal cruelty in the world, hoping to gain enough power to abolish it, or at least prevent it from happening as often as it does. PETA uses language as a tool of power, verbalizing its message through controversial ad campaigns, ralli es, marches and protests

English Language and Composition Deconstruction free essay sample

Utilitarianism holds that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome, and is often described by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This passage focuses on what Mills perceives as Bentham’s lack of empathy, the ability to emotional identify with other people. Mills ascribes this lack of emotional depth to Bentham’s life which was without the hardships or challenges most people experience. [pic] 1. In the passage, the authors overall attitude toward Bentham can best be described as A) grudgingly appreciative B) cleverly nonjudgmental C) bitterly disillusioned This passage focuses on Bentham’s limited vision and is thus essentially negative (E), although it is neither vicious nor sarcastic (D). It is neither bitter nor disillusioned (C). Since it focuses on Bentham’s limitations, it is judgmental (B). 2. Which of the following best describes the function of the second sentence (lines 3-9) in the first paragraph? A) It qualifies and expands the opening sentence. B) It focuses on qualities Benthams language lacks. (C)It compares Benthams skills to those of other writers. (D)It provides an example of a brief digression. E)It signals a transition in thought from the opening sentence. 2. Answer: A The function of the sentence is to qualify â€Å"the certain degree† of Bentham’s endowments and to expand on the idea of these endowments (A). Although it does refer to the qualities Bentham’s language lacked, that was not its primary function (B), nor is its primary function to compare him with other writers (C). It is not a digression nor is it a transition of thought from the opening sentence since it does not lead to a new topic (D). 3. The authors discussion of Benthams ability to use imagery (lines 1-9) is best described as one of The author is not establishing his credentials as a historian, only that he is well read (A). He is not clarifying the previous sentence but providing examples to support it (B). He is not writing about poets, but historians (D) nor is he differentiating historians from poets, but focusing on the importance of the knowledge of human nature (E). 7. One purpose of the first paragraph is to (A)suggest that beauty is not an essential element of good art (B)discount the importance of imaginative thinking C) distinguish between two types of imagination D) suggest that artistic creativity is compromised by social responsibility E)reinforce popular views of creative imagination 7. Answer: C One of the purposes of the first paragraph, which deals with the importance of Imagination, which the author ties to empathy, is to distinguish between Imagination in the â€Å"popular sense,† which is the use of imagery and metaphor, and the author’s conception of Imagination as empathy (C) . He is not discussing either beauty nor art (A), and does not discount the importance of imaginative thinking, which he applies to empathy (B). He does not address the role of social responsibility (D) and is writing to discuss an alternative view of imagination, not reinforce the popular view. . Which of the following best describes the rela- tionship between the first paragraph and the second paragraph? (A)The second paragraph uses the claims made at the end of the first paragraph to examine an individual. (B)The second paragraph continues to expand the definition of imagination begun in the first paragraph. (C)The second paragraph supports the claim in the opening sentence of the first paragraph. (D)The second paragraph presents a more balanced view of Bentham than does the first paragraph. (E)The second paragraph supports the theme of the first paragraph by references to scholarly research. 8. Answer: A The best description of the relationship between the first and second paragraph is that the second paragraph applies the general points made in the first paragraph to a specific individual, Bentham (A). It does not continue to expand the definition but to apply it to an individual (B), nor does it support, but contradicts the first sentence, focusing on Bentham’s limitations (C). The first paragraph is primarily about the concept of Imagination rather than Bentham (D). There is no reference to scholarly research, only allusions to respected authors (E). 9. The stylistic feature most evident in lines 32-62 (By these ay read) is the use of A) series of prepositional phrases B) repeated syntactical patterns C) metaphor D) analogy (E)allusion 9. Answer B This question asks for the identification of a stylistic feature. The most evident is the use of metaphors such as â€Å"He was a boy†¦. † â€Å"never was awakened in him† â€Å"never been made alive† (B ) There is no repetition of prepositional phrases (in time, at home) (A) nor repeated syntactical (sentence) patterns (C). There are neither direct analogies (comparisons) (D) nor allusions (references to books or other things outside the text) (E). 10. Which of the following rhetorical devices is used n lines 35-38 (He had neither satiety)? A) Antithesis B) Oxymoron C) Euphemism D) Personification (E)Apostrophe 10. Answer A This question asks for the identification of a rhetorical device. It is antithesis, the contrasting of ideas in a balanced phrase, â€Å"internal experience nor external†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (A). It is not oxymoron, the combining of contradictory terms (deafening silence) (B). It is not Euphemism, an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh (passed away for died) (C). It is not Personification, a description of something nonhuman in human form (the sun smiled at us) (D). It is not Apostrophe, an address some absent person or thing (Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts†¦. ) (E). 11. In lines 35-48 (He had neither in him), the author suggests that Bentham A) writes without a clear purpose B) has a fear of human aberration C) cannot understand strong human feelings D) does not value information based on observation (E)has little respect for others opinions 11. Answer: C The author suggests that Bentham cannot understand strong human feeling, his major weakness (C). He is not referring to Bentham’s writing style (A) nor is there any indication of a fear of human aberration or deviance (B). Bentham does value information based on observation but had limited life experience which limited his observation to the empirical (factual/scientific) (D). There is no reference to other’s opinions (E). 12. In the context of lines 43-48, Self-consciousness means A) awkwardness B) caution C) shame D) idealism (E)introspection 12. Answer E In the context of lines 43-48, â€Å"Self-consciousness† means consciousness of oneself or introspection (E). There is no indication of awkwardness (A), caution (B), or shame (C). Bentham was not idealistic (D). 13. The author most likely includes the clause He aw accordingly in man little but what the vulgar- est eye can see (lines 59-60) in order to (A)convey the limitation of Benthams perception (B)illustrate Benthams preoccupation with base and coarse actions (C)suggest that Bentham could see nothing good in others (D)imply that Bentham had no sympathy for others misfortunes (E)suggest that Bentham understood the common people best 13. Answer A The author includes the clause â€Å"He saw accordingly in many little but what the vulgarest eye can see† in order to elaborate on Bentham’s lack of emotional depth and understanding (A). Bentham is not preoccupied with common or crude actions (B). The author does not suggest that Bentham could see nothing good in others, just that his emotional understanding was limited (C). Bentham is not unsympathetic, just lacked empathy (D) and had no special understanding of anyone (E). 14. The authors attitude toward Benthams abilities as a writer might be best described as (A)dismissive because of the narrowness of Benthams experience and understanding (B)jealous because of Benthams undeserved success and happiness (C)undecided because of the paucity of information about Benthams life D)disapproving because of the uniformly serious tone of Benthams prose (E)appreciative because of the accuracy of Benthams observations 14. Answer A Overall, the author’s attitude toward Bentham’s ability as a writer is negative or dismissive because of Bentham’s limitations (A). There is no indication of jealously, only an element of pity (B). He clearly is not undecided, no r is there any indication of a lack of information (C). The author’s negativity does not come from Bentham’s tone, but Bentham’s limitations (D). The author does not really address Bentham’s observations except that they are limited (E). 5. The author characterizes Bentham primarily as an individual who A) has been wrongly ignored B) lacks poetic insight C) is too uncompromising D) has a childlike sense of fantasy (E)has a highly idiosyncratic style 15. Answer B The author’s primary characterization of Bentham is as someone who lacks poetic (emotional) insight (B). He does not say that Bentham has been ignored (A). There is no discussion of Bentham as uncompromising (C). While Bentham may be childlike in his lack of emotional depth, he is not characterized as childlike (D). The author’s primary concern is emotional depth, not style (E). 6. The area of experience of which Bentham is said to be most ignorant is the A) intellectual B) practical C) emotional D) analytical (E)moral 16. Answer C The are a of experience of which Bentham is most ignorant is emotional, due to the lack of challenge in his personal life (C). His lack is not intellectual (A) or analytical (D) but emotional/empathetic. He is practical (B) and there is no indication that he is immoral (E). 17. The passage as a whole is best characterized as A) a personal reminiscence B) a treatise on style C) a critical evaluation D) an ironic attack (E)a factual report 7. Answer C The passage as a whole is a critical evaluation of Bentham and his limitations (C). It is not a personal reminiscence since there is no reference to a personal relationship (A). While it touches briefly on style, it does so only in passing (B). It is not ironic, and while critical of Bentham’s limitations, is not an attack (D). While it may contain factual information, that is not its purpose (E). Essay 2 This excerpt, written in 1940, from an autobiographical essay by W. E. D. B. Dubois (unidentified in the excerpt), portrays the emotion al trauma of his experience of segregation. Dubois was an early civil rights activist who countered B. T. Washington’s philosophy of accommodation to segregation and elevation of the race by hard work, with calls for active protest. In this essay, Dubois conveys the psychological impact of a system of segregation. He does this within the intellectual context of history, his life experience, as well as his experience at Harvard University (where he was the first African American graduate) and lecturing in Germany. [pic] 18. The speakers primary purpose in the passage is to (A)justify the need for class structures in the modern world B)seek restitution for wrongs committed against him (C)establish the major distinctions between race issues and class issues (D)convey the psychological impact of a system of segregation (E)condemn physical force as a means of maintaining segregation 18. Answer D This question asks for the primary purpose of the passage as a whole. Beginning with the scholarly and moving to the personal, the author conveys the psychological impact of segregation (D). He is clearly not justifying the need for class structures in the modern world but showing the damage they do to individuals (A). He does not seek restitution (payment to the victims to compensate for damages) (B). He is showing the connection between race and class issues rather than making distinctions (C). While we can assume his condemnation of physical force, he is primarily presenting the effect of social and psychological forces (E). 19. Line 7 (continually knocking his hands, head and heart) provides an example of A) antithesis B) alliteration C) apostrophe D) analogy (E)anticlimax 19. Answer B Line 7 provides an example of alliteration, the repetition of initial consonant sounds â€Å"his hands, head, and heart† (B). There is no antithesis, the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases (â€Å"Youre easy on the eyes, hard on the heart) (A), nor apostrophe, an address to a person or intagible (Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art) (C). There is no analogy, the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship (Memory is to love what the saucer is to the cup. ) (D). It is not an anticlimax, the usually sudden transition in discourse from a significant idea to a trivial or ludicrous idea (He has seen the ravages of war, he has known natural catastrophes, he has been to singles bars. ) (E). 20. The series of phrases in lines 12-14 (in muscles became divine) suggests the (A)uncertainty that people felt about their own social class (B)internal conflicts rampant in a rigid class system (C)many ways that class structure was maintained (D)inability of government to rule without the support of religion (E)transition from a society ruled by force to one ruled by law 20. Answer C The series of phrases lists the many ways the class system was maintained (C). It has nothing to do with any uncertainty that people felt (A), or the internal conflicts of the class system, even though it was brutally maintained (B). The reference to religion implies the use of religion by government, not its dependence upon it (D). The list moves from brute force to law and religion; these existed together and the order does not imply a transition or movement (E). 21. In relation to the rest of the passage, the first paragraph provides (A)historical information that illuminates the speakers own circumstances (B)an analogy that puts the reader in the same situation as that in which the speaker exists (C)a comparison between the life of sixteenth- century artisans and twentieth-century artists (D)conflicting statements about the social position of artisans in Europe E)a personal reminiscence that alters the speakers views 21. Answer A The first paragraph provides a parallel between the 16th century and the present oppression experienced by the speaker (A). It is not an analogy, a comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship, since it is not putting the reader in the same situation as that in which the speaker exists (B). It is not a comparison of artists, but of oppressed peoples (C). There are no conflicting statements about the artesians in Europe (D). Although there are personal reminiscences (stories from memory), they illustrate rather than alter the speaker’s views (E). 2. The second paragraph is significant in that the speaker (A)cites a counterexample to that in the opening paragraph (B)makes use of the power of personal experience (C)outlines his assumptions about the readers experiences (D)traces the history of modern discrimination (E)utilizes eyewitness accounts to document claims 22. Answer B The second paragraph is significant in that the speaker makes use of the power of personal experience (B). The examples are not counterexamples (examples that refute or disprove an idea) to the opening paragraph, but establish a contemporary parallel to it (A). It does not outline his assumptions of the reader’s experience but details the author’s own experience (C). It traces the author’s experience of discrimination rather than outlining a history of discrimination (D). The only eyewitness accounts of his claims are the author’s and these are limited to generalities rather than accounts of specific experiences (E). 23. The word education (line 24) refers to A) formal learning in school B) independent learning gained from personal reading C) learning acquired through recitation D) learning obtained through experience E)learning influenced by parents 23. Answer D The word education in line 24 refers to the education of first hand experience (D). It does not refer to formal learning in school (A), or to independent learning from reading (B), nor does it refer to recitation (C). There is no reference to parents (E). 24. In context, the phrase sleepless vigilance (line 27) suggests A) a nervous inability to sleep B) an obsessive concern for safety C) the relentless desire for freedom D) the disruptive ferment of new ideas (E)the determined enforcement of a system 24. Answer E In context, the phrase â€Å"sleepless vigilance† in line 27 refers to the comprehensive system of constraints that maintain segregation (E). Sleep is used metaphorically, not literally (A). Vigilance refers to oppression, not safety (B) or the desire for freedom (C). The vigilance is to maintain oppression, not to enforce it (D). 25. The speaker uses lines 30-40 (I could not largely excluded) primarily to (A)emphasize the effects of racism by cataloging his experiences (B)criticize past social practices in discriminatory countries (C)signal a shift in focus that will be discussed subsequently (D)illustrate the fear that made it difficult for im to write (E)decry the injustices suffered by all peoples in subordinate stations 25. Answer A The speaker uses these lines to list the ways racism has impacted every aspect of his life (A). It is to detail his own experience in America rather than to criticize past social practices in other countries (B). It does not signal a shift in focus but serves to strengthen his argument through personal experience (C). There is no indication that he had difficulty in writing, although he was limited in what he could publish (D). While he implies a universality of his experience to all African Americans, he focuses on his own experience. 6. As used in line 55, gainsay is best interpreted to mean A) deny B) deplore C) articulate D) reiterate (E)emphasize 26. Answer A The word â€Å"gainsay† in context is best interpreted as something that was impossible to deny (A). Impossible to deplore is the opposite of the way it is used here (B). It is not impossible to articulate, or express in detail, since that is exactly what the author is neither doing (C), nor it is impossible to reiterate, or state again (D). Since the author is emphasizing the effects of racism it is not impossible to emphasize it (E). 27. The speaker uses the word impossible twice at the beginning of the final paragraph (line 55) in order to (A)contrast the ironic first use of the word with the straightforward second use (B)return to the writing style used in the first paragraph of the essay (C)explore the development of a logical argument (D)imply that all impossibilities are created by humans (E)highlight the strong feelings that the subject engenders 27. Answer E The speaker’s use of â€Å"impossible† twice in the beginning of the final paragraph emphasizes his strong feelings of frustration (E). Both words are used in a straightforward way (A). The writing style in the final paragraph is more emotional then the first, so it is not a return (B). While it may be true that all impossibilities are created by humans, the final paragraph focuses on the effect of segregation on the author’s emotional state (C). The final paragraph is emotional rather than logical (D). 28. The effectiveness of the final paragraph is primarily a result of its A) demand for immediate action B) reliance on extended metaphor C) use of specific example D) tone of defensiveness (E)investigation of a claim 28. Answer C The effectiveness of the final paragraph is primarily a result of its use of the specific example of the African American friend on the train being mistaken for a service worker (C). It is not a demand for action (A). The example is not a metaphor (B). The tone is one of frustration and perhaps anger, not defensiveness (D). He is not investigating a claim, he is denouncing the reality that exists (E). 29. The final sentence of the passage (lines 58-64) moves from (A)conveying a private awareness of an injustice to covering up its public aftermath (B)relating an incident to decrying its implications C)citing universal truths to searching for exceptions (D)expressing an idea to demanding punishment for an action (E)showing forgiveness to taking personal responsibility for a mistake 29. Answer B The final sentence of the passage moves from relating the incident (friend on the train) to decrying its implications (inescapable sign of slavery) (B). There is no cover up (A). It does not mov e from a universal truth but toward one (C). There is no demand for punishment (D). There is no show of forgiveness nor is there any indication that the lady on the train took personal responsibility for her mistake (D). 30. The speakers tone might best be described as A) callous and reckless B) petulant and critical C) resigned and reconciled D) detached but hopeful (E)civil but angry 30. Answer E The speaker’s tone might best be described as civil (polite) but angry (E). It is not callous (emotionally hardened) nor reckless (A). It is not petulant (Cranky/easily irritated) although it is angry and is critical of American society (B). It is neither resigned (passively accepting) nor reconciled (accepting as inevitable) (C). It is neither detached (emotionally uninvolved) nor hopeful (D). 31. The primary imagery of the passage is that of A) flight B) creation C) confinement D) darkness (E)punishment 31. Answer C The primary imagery of the passage is that of confinement, being limited (C). He cannot fly or run away from segregation (A) and nothing is being created (B). While the mood may be dark, the imagery is not (D). While the author does feel unjustly punished by the effects of slavery and segregation, punishment is not a central image (E). Essay 3 This excerpt is from a recent work examining Benjamin Franklin from a contemporary perspective. The author feels that Franklin would be quite comfortable in modern America. He examines those critical of Franklin and cautions us to not mistake the image of himself that Franklin developed in his autobiography with the deep values that motivated him. It contains an extensive footnote exploring the use of the word â€Å"meritocracy† as it is used in the essay and its origin and development as a term. [pic] 32. The device used in lines 8-17 (We can values) to convey Franklins character is A) allusion B) hypothetical examples C) extended simile D) refutation of assumed traits (E)argument based on personal attack 32. Answer B The device used in line 8-17 to convey Franklin’s character is a series of hypothetical examples, imagining Franklin in contemporary situations (B). There are no allusions (brief references to a person, place event, or to another literary work) (A). There are no similes (comparisons using like or as) extended or not (C). He is not refuting (anticipating and countering opposing points of view) anything (D). There is no personal attack (E). 33. The rhetorical purpose of lines 14-17 (And we values) is to (A)assert that the contemporary view of Franklin distorts his accomplishments (B)suggest that Franklin did not balance his ursuits particularly well (C)encourage the reader to analyze present-day leaders in the light of Franklin (D)make Franklin seem more morally upright than he may actually have been (E)prompt the reader to feel kinship with Franklin on the basis of the challenges he faced 33. Answer E The rhetorical purpose (author’s purpose) of lines 14-17 is to prompt the reader to see Franklin as someone we could relate to in a modern setting, based on his attempts to balance reputation, wealth, earthly virtues, and spiritual values (E). The author sees Frankin’s accomplishments as enhanced by a contemporary view (A). He praised Franklin for his attempts to balance his pursuits (B). There is no comparison of Franklin to contemporary leaders (C). There is no attempt to make Franklin seem morally upright (D). 34. This item was not scored. 35. The first paragraph characterizes people in the contemporary United States primarily as A) charitable yet exacting B) zealous yet deceitful C) self-effacing yet proud D) genial yet self-interested (E)mean-spirited yet honest 35. Answer D The first paragraph characterizes people in the contemporary US primarily as genial (sociable – networker, having a beer, sharing) and yet self-interested (D). There is no reference to charitable (giving to the needy) or exacting (demanding perfection) (A). There is neither a reference to being zealous (filled with enthusiasm for a cause) or deceitful (dishonest) (B). Contemporary people are described as neither self-effacing (humble) nor proud (C). They are not characterized as either mean-spirited or honest (E). 36. They in line 21 of the passage refers to people who (A)disagree that Franklins life exemplifies commercial values (B)want to reevaluate the importance of Franklins writings (C)believe that Franklins legacy is not appreciated sufficiently D)have reservations about Franklins values (E)want others to be as inspired by Franklin as they have been 36. Answer D â€Å"They† in line 21 refers to people who have reservations (limited acceptance) about Franklin’s values. There is no reference to commercial values, other than practicality (A), and these are not people who want to reevaluate Franklin’s writing, but do have an opinion (B). These are not people who think Franklin is underappreciated (C), nor are they particularly inspired by Franklin or actively promoting him (E). 37. The misunderstanding discussed in lines 35-37 is that many who study Franklin A)ascribe greater geniality to Franklin than his actions support (B)confuse Franklins public statements with his private beliefs (C)believe that Franklin had a fundamental faith that in fact he lacked (D)do not study the public Franklin enough to understand him thoroughly (E)rely too much on government records in then- analysis of Franklin 37. Answer B The misunderstanding discussed in lines 35-37 is that many who study Franklin confuse his public statements â€Å"moral maxims† for his private beliefs â€Å"fundamental faiths† (B). Geniality here refers to the tone of his public statements, not Franklin himself (A). The sentence states that he was motivated by â€Å"fundamental faiths† (C). These â€Å"many who study Franklin† are people who do understand him (D). There is no reference to government records (E). 38. The final paragraph (lines 30-37) functions as (A)a repetition of the views previously established B) a diatribe against those who devalue Franklin C) an authorial judgment about a preceding discussion (D)a critique of Franklins autobiography (E)a controversial conclusion to a contentious debate 38. Answer C The final paragraph functions as the authorial (from the author) judgment about the preceding discussion (C). It introduces new ideas so it is not a repetition (A). It is not a diatribe (angry criticism) (B). It is not a critique (a critical review evaluating something) nor does it directly reference Franklin’s autobiography (D). The conclusion is not controversial nor is the debate contentious (quarrelsome) (E). 39. Which of the following sentences best represents the authors main point in the passage? (A)Franklin has a particular resonance in twenty-first-century America. (lines 1-2) (B)We would admire both his earnestness and his self-aware irony. (lines 13-14) (C)Some who see the reflection of Franklin n the world today fret about a shallowness of soul and a spiritual complacency that seem to permeate a culture of materialism. (lines 18-21) (D)They regard Franklin as an exemplar of the personal character and civic virtue that are too often missing in modern America. (lines 27-29) (E)Both sides too often confuse him with the striving pilgrim he portrayed in his autobiography. (lines 33-35) 39. Answer A The author’s main point in the passage is that Franklin is relevant for 21st century America (A). While we would admire both Franklin’s earnestness and his self-aware irony, self-aware irony is not the main point (B). Though some see Franklin as a negative (C) and others as a positive (D) these are not the author’s focus. Similarly, when the author concludes that both sides confuse him with the â€Å"striving pilgrim† in his writing, this is not the point the author is making. 40. This passage is most probably excerpted from A) an article about Franklin in a business journal B) a work of cultural criticism attacking Franklin for the decay of traditional values C) a book about Franklins scientific research D) a biography of Franklin intended for a general audience (E)a newspaper account of historians onflicting views of Franklin 40. Answer D The article is most probably excerpted from a biography of Franklin intended for a general audience (D). Since the author does not focus on business (A) or science (C), specialized journals would be unlikely to publish this general article. The author does not blame Franklin for the decay of traditional values, although he states that some others might see him as a reflection of this decline (B). While the passage does deal with conflicting views of Franklin, both the style of writing and the extensive footnote would not be characteristic of newspaper writing. In addition, the author’s main purpose is not to contrast the two views, but to argue that Franklin â€Å"has a particular resonance† for our times (E). 41. The main purpose of the footnote is to A) introduce readers to an ongoing discussion B) explore an alternative solution to a problem C) document the authors credentials D) list all possible sources available on a topic (E)explain the authors bias against another historian 41. Answer A The main purpose of the footnote is to introduce the readers to the ongoing discussion of the word â€Å"meritocracy† (A). It does not explore a problem, but the use and history of the word (B). While the scholarly footnote may help establish the author’s credibility, it does not document his credentials (C). It lists two uses of the term not all the possible sources (D). There is no indication of bias (E). 42. In the second line of the footnote, the number 31 most probably indicates the (A)page of the Weekly Standard on which the reference appears (B)edition of the Weekly Standard in which the article appears (C)volume number of the Weekly Standard in which the article appears (D)page in the authors book where the citation ppears (E)number of times in the authors book that the citation appears 42. Answer A In the second line of the footnote, the number 31 indicates the page number since it is at the end of the citation (A). Neither the edition (B) nor volume (C) numbers are listed and, if present, would be placed after the title of the periodical, Weekly Standard. It is clearly from the article b y Brooks since there is no reference to the passage’s author (other than Brooks) in the citation (D). If the citation appears in the author’s book multiple times, it would not be written in this form (E). 3. Answer E In the footnote, the author uses the phrase â€Å"somewhat ironically† primarily to comment on the irony that an author writing about social mobility based on merit became a Lord, gaining a hereditary title and social position having nothing to do with merit (E). He is not satirizing the author’s view (A) nor saying that the author is not the inventor of the phrase (B). Since he is simply providing information on the origin of the term rather than arguing a position, he is not eliciting support from readers (D). 43. In lines 7-8 of the footnote, the author uses the hrase somewhat ironically primarily to (A)satirize a rival authors narrow view of what constitutes merit (B)disparage an authors claim to being the inventor of a phrase (C)engage t he reader in thinking about the limits of the role of social thinkers (D)elicit support from readers who do not approve of the British monarchy (E)comment on the apparent disparity between an authors views and his social rank 44. In the last sentence of the footnote, the word it refers to A) Yuppie (line 1 of the footnote) B) meritocracy (line 2 of the footnote) C) vision (line 4 of the footnote) D) social mobility (line 5 of the footnote) (E)dismissive term (line 10 of the footnote) 44. Answer B The â€Å"it† in the last sentence of the footnote refers to (is the antecedent to) to meritocracy (B). The word â€Å"Yuppie† refers to Franklin (A). Both â€Å"Vision† (C) and â€Å"social mobility† (D) are part of the definition, not the word itself (C). The â€Å"dismissive term† is meritocracy, not â€Å"yuppie† (E) 45. Which of the following is an accurate reading of the source for the quotation in the last sentence of the footnote: social order [that] follows the principle of careers open to talents? A)Brooks, David. Our Founding Yuppie, Weekly Standard, Oct. 23, 2000, 31. (B)Brooks, David. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 106. (C)Young, Michael. The Rise of the Meritocracy. New York: Viking Press, 1958. (D)Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, 106. (E)Rawls, John, and Dav id Brooks. Found in Weekly Standard and A Theory of Justice. Reprinted by permission. 45. Answer D An accurate reading of the source for the quotation in the last sentence of the footnote is the citation that immediately precedes it (D). It is not from Brooks, from whom the information at the beginning of the footnote came (A) (B), nor is it from Young’s book, the originator of the phrase (C). It is not Rawls and Brooks, since they are authors of separate works (E). Essay 4 This passage from an essay by contemporary American writer, Joyce Carol Oats, was published by Ontario Review Press, a journal and later a publishing company founded by Oates and a partner, two Americans working and teaching in Canada. It was intended to bridge the gap between the literary communities of both countries. It later moved to the US when Oates took a position at Princeton University. It has published many of Joyce Carol Oates’ works. In this essay, Oates discusses the difference between Joyce Carol Oats, â€Å"I† and â€Å"JCO,† the writer, which Oats identifies not as a person but a process which operates through her but is distinct from her. She goes on to generalize this distinction between the individual and the artist, then returns to herself. [pic] 46. In line 1, the phrase to that other primarily does which of the following? (A)It explains why the statement nothing ever happens (line 1) is true. (B)It identifies the one to whom nothing ever happens (line 1). (C)It indicates uncertainty by inverting normal ord order. (D)It suggests that what appears to be a fact is not. (E)It undermines a generally accepted view. 46. Answer B In line 1 the phrase â€Å"to that other† primarily identifies the one to whom â€Å"nothing ever happens†, â€Å"JCO†, the process (B). It does not explain the statement but identifies to whom it is that nothing ever happens (A). The word order is not inverted or reversed (subject/verb to verb/subject) (C). What Oates says is a fact, is that nothing ever happens to â€Å"JCO† the writing process. She believes this is true since â€Å"JCO† does not age etc. and is frozen in the piece of writing (D). Although most readers would not make the distinction between â€Å"I† and ‘JCO,† the phrase does not undermine the generally accepted view since its function is to identify (E). 47. In relation to the first sentence (line 1), the second sentence (lines 2-6) serves to (A)introduce a persona that contrasts with the one introduced in the first sentence (B)simplify the figurative language used in the first sentence (C)explain how the oxymoron found in the first sentence is not really true (D)use metaphorical language subtly to contradict the first sentence (E)undermine the distinction between fact and fiction that was stated in the first sentence 7. Answer A A persona is the role that one assumes or displays in public or society as distinguished from the inner self. In relation to the first sentence, the second sentence introduces the persona of â€Å"JCO† that contrasts with the one, â€Å"I†, introduced in the first sentence (A) There is no figurative l anguage such as simile or metaphor in the first sentence, although there is in the second (B). There is no oxymoron (combination of contradictory terms, as in a â€Å"deafening silence†) in the first sentence (C). The use of metaphor serves to illustrate abstract concepts and relationships rather than to contrast with the first sentence (D). It further develops the distinction rather than undermines it (E). 48. In line 9, the author argues that the difference between writing and writers is primarily that the (A)person doing the writing can never really understand the truth expressed in the writing (B)person doing the writing has more in common with other writers than with the writing that she or he produces (C)person doing the writing is perceived as less real than the writing that is produced (D)writing can be perfect but the person doing the writing can be flawed (E)writing itself is never as vital as the person doing the writing 48. Answer C In line 9, the author argues that the difference between â€Å"writing† and â€Å"writer† is primarily that the person doing the writing is less real then the writing itself: †Writing exists, Writers do not†¦. † (C) She is not arguing that the person doing the writing can never really understand the truth expressed in the writing but that the writing is separate from the writer (A). While writers agree, they do not necessarily have more than that in common (B). She does not discuss the perfectibility of either (D), nor does she suggest that either is more or less vital (E). 49. Which best describes the syntax of lines 17-18 (JCO texts) ? A)A list of problems followed by a possible solution B) A pair of negations followed by an assertion C) A statement that balances known and unknown ideas (D)A complex sentence that makes use of hyperbole (E)An unusual construction with no clear subject 49. Answer B The syntax (sentence structure) of lines 17-18 is best described as a pair of negations (â€Å"†¦not a person nor even a personality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) followed by an assertion (â€Å"†¦but a process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) (B). The person and personality are not problems, nor is there a solution (A). The ideas are not balanced: although the first half of the sentence states the negative, the second, the positive (C). It is not a complex sentence (A sentence that contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause) and does not make use of hyperbole (exaggeration for effect) (D). It has a clear subject, â€Å"JCO† (E). 50. Lines 18-21 (Some sun) rely primarily on A) repetition B) analogy C) classical allusion D) ironic commentary (E)appeal to authority 50. Answer B Lines 18-21 rely primarily on analogy (a comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship) retained texts/bleached by memories to pages/bleached by sun (B). There is no repetition of either diction (words) or syntax (sentence structure) (A). There are no classical allusions (references to Greek or Roman works, myths, etc. ) (C). The sentence is not ironic (language in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated) (D). There is no appeal to authority (something that is claimed to be true based on the expertise of an authority rather than objective facts) (E). 51. It can be inferred from the passage that people ignore the obvious truth (line 36) for which of the following reasons? (A)They are too intimidated to disagree with famous writers like the author. (B)They do not want other people to tell them ow they should view art. (C)They conclude too quickly that there is a difference between good and bad art. (D)They are unwilling to accept that art is something that can be bought and sold. (E)They misunderstand the relationship between an artistic creation and its creator. 51. Answer E It can be inferred (understood even though not directly stated) from the passage that people ignore the â€Å"obvious truthà ¢â‚¬  because they misunderstand the relationship between an artistic creation and its creator, since they do not understand the distinction she makes between the â€Å"I† and â€Å"JCO† (E). There is no reference to people being intimidated, only that they fail to see that the individual artist/writer, â€Å"I†, is irrelevant (A). It suggests a lack of understanding not a resistance to a point of view (B). It does not refer to good or bad art (C) or that art can be bought and sold (D). 52. Lines 48-55 (It. .. will) have all of the following EXCEPT A) a comparison B) a metaphor C) verbs in the imperative mood D) a subordinate clause (E)scientific diction 52. Answer C Lines 48-55 have all of the following EXCEPT verbs in the imperative mood (verbs used as direct commands or requests) (C).