Teaching Assistant

Describe How You Might Contribute To a Lesson Given To a Group Of Seven Year Old Children Learning To Play Percussion Instruments? As a Teaching Assistant supervising a group of seven year olds who are to learn to play musical instruments, I would first make sure these instruments are available, clean, safe and ready to be used for this lesson. Any music sheets related to playing must be prepared and available in the classroom in advance. During the lesson I would supervise the children using the instruments and check they are using them correctly and are not messing about with them, and causing any damage to themselves, anyone else or the equipment. Pupils who have difficulties playing or holding the instruments must be supported. It is important to be a good role model by showing children how to hold and play with these instruments. I should make sure all the children follow my instructions, repeat my instructions and focus on me while I am demonstrating the instrument. At the end of the lesson I would check that the instruments are still in good condition and encourage children to put equipment away tidy and safely. During the lesson I can monitor the class and then make an observations written report that can help track the activity, behaviour, difficulties, preferences, cognitive skills and progress of each child. 2. What might be your role in organizing, using and maintaining the learning resources, materials and equipment? My role as a Teaching Assistant in this lesson, regarding organization and material, is to ensure everything is ready for the lesson before starting it. All the material should be checked for safety, hygiene, cleanliness, good state and put in the right place as agreed by the teacher. It is important to maintain a complete and accurate inventory of resources. To be able to conduct these the teaching assistant should find out from the teacher what their role is and what responsibilities they have when it comes to the organisation of the learning environment. I would encourage pupils to return materials to the correct place after they have been used. I may have to dispose of any waste and redundant resources safely and always looking for opportunities to recycle materials and equipment. I should prepare and set out learning resources in line with the preparation requirements given by the teacher. When the lesson is finished, I must ensure that each material is back to original place, and it’s not broken or damaged. Any marks should be reported to the teacher.

Sontract enforceable Essay

Mr Potbelly is holding a garage sale because he has to move up north due to loosing his job. Mr Slim Jim offers to purchase two items: an art pottery and the house. The art pottery sales is a sales of used goods, whereas the house sales is a real estate sales. The art pottery is worth ten times ($2’500) what Mr Potbelly wants ($250), and Mr Slim Jim even offers less than that ($200). The house is worth twice ($140’000) what Mr Potbelly wants from it ($75’000), and Mr Slim Jim even offers less than that ($70’000). Mr Potbelly agrees with both offers verbally and starts packing the art pottery while waiting for Slim Jim’s bank check for the house. By the time Mr. Slim Jim returns with the money, Mr Potbelly has discovered that he could have earned much more money with his two sales and decides not to honour both sales contracts. Mr Slim Jim decides to sue Mr Potbelly in order to enforce both sales contracts. Issues: 1) Is the art pottery sale’s contract valid? Under what ground could Mr Potbelly decide to contest its’ validity? 2) Is the house sale’s contract valid? Under what ground could Mr Potbelly decide to contest its’ validity? Rules 1) In order to be enforceable, a contract has to gather different elements such as:   Mutual consent: both parties must have a clear understanding of what the contract is about. If one party thinks the contract is about an iron cup and the other thinks it is about a gold cup, then there is no mutual consent: each party consents to something different from the other.   Offer and acceptance: a contract involves that one party offers something and the other accepts it. ? Mutual Consideration: both parties must exchange something of value. The mutual consideration condition is not a way to escape the consequences of a bad negotiation. If a person agrees to sell an object for $50 and gets a better offer of $500 five minutes later, then the first sales contract will still be enforceable. ? Performance (delivery): in order to make the contract enforceable, the obligations to be performed under the agreement must have been executed. For example, in a sales of goods, one party must pay the price, and the other deliver the good. As long as the price hasn’t been paid, the delivery of the goods cannot be enforced. Good faith: both parties must act in good faith, which means that the object of the sales must be clear for each of the parties. ? No violation of public policy (not relevant in this case). Last, but not least, in case of an oral sales of goods contract, the burden of proving reality of the agreement lies with the person trying to enforce the contract. 2) The sales contract which comprise transfer of property of land does have to respect the same principles as for sales of goods, but it has to respect one more condition: it has to be in writing AND signed by all parties in order to be enforceable under Statute of Frauds Law. The existence of these conditions are criticised for enabling sellers to change their mind even as the contract is entered into (contract enforceable even if not in writing if ALL parties agree). Application 1) Mr Potbelly’s pottery sales’ contract is valid under mutual consent, offer and acceptance (both Potbelly and Slim Jim agreed on the object and the price), mutual consideration, and non violation of public policy. On the other hand, there might be a zone of discussion on performance as Mr Slim Jim has not yet paid the price, so the delivery of the goods might not be enforceable. There might also be a zone for discussion on good faith, as Mr Potbelly though he was selling a normal pottery and Mr Slim Jim knew he was buying a piece of art (but there might be a problem in proving that he knew). Therefore, although there is little chance Mr Potbelly will escape the consequences of his bad negotiation, there is still a slight chance depending on the elements he might bring up to trial. 2) The sales’ contract of the house has not yet been written and/or signed. Therefore, Mr Potbelly will escape having to sell his house to Mr. Slim Jim.

Musical Performance

The history of music predates the written word and is tied to the development of each unique human culture. Music has been used as meditational music since the very dawn of civilization, because it balances the human organism through its rhythmic pattern of tones, which are generated in a harmonic relationship with each other. Mantras originated in the Vedic religion of India, later becoming an essential part of the Hindu tradition and a customary practice within Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Indian music and mantras bring us back in to the physical world every day.   Most of the indian songs were written by   saints for devotion and meditation. This music was created in order to give people better feelings. Not long ago I visited the concert of a not very famous group â€Å"Atmosphere†. It consisted of two women who chanted mantras and three men who played some instruments. Those instruments included pakhawaj , violin, flute. The most exotic of those instruments were pakhawaj and flute. Pakhawaj   is a long bodied wooden drum with both ends covered in skin. Played horizontally with the fingers and palms of both hands, the right hand surface is tuned to the pitch required and the left hand surface provides the base. Flute, carved from bamboo, is made in every possible size. It is usually played in a vertical position. The combination of the sounds made by those instruments was excellent. The music they played was composed by the members of those group. They took the text of a famous Indian mantras and   composed   a modern joyful music for chanting it. Actually, when they were singing and playing they were meditating themselves. Moreover, a lot of people sitting in the hall were meditating too. While singing the women were dancing. There were no special costumes, except an embroidered Indian shirts. Of course they were influenced by some chanters of mantras, but intheir group they expressed their individualities. To tell the truth, I liked the style of their performance greatly. I think it was a good idea to combine mantras with a modern music. References â€Å"Atmosphere: Music Group†. (2006). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/topic/atmosphere-music-group   

Fear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Fear - Essay Example It is the understanding of this student that the identification by Phil Barker of the main reasons for the establishment and practice of fear within the current model is absolutely correct. One need look no further than the underlying reasons for the upsurge in radical Islamic terrorism, the ethnocentric and racist actions of groups that believe their way of life is challenged, or the ways in which cultural and/or religiously marginalized communities integrate the understanding of fear within their ranks to understand and appreciate the ways in which this helps to define almost each and every aspect of human interaction and identity. In much the same way, Jim Buren, the protagonist of Cather’s My Antonia, represents a litany of fears that serve to provide a profound and directive effect on the way that the character integrates with the world around him. Naturally, the story itself is almost entirely built around Jim’s attraction to Antonia; however, the sub plot that pe rvades the story is with regards to the manner in which Jim Buren struggles between the representation of what others see that he should be and what he himself wishes to be. This evokes a set of fears in Jim with regards to how others view him and it is one of the main reasons why he chooses to get married prematurely and to a woman that he is not truly in love with. Thinking that the wealth and status that the woman provides will be more useful than true love, Jim races into a wedding of convenience that will ultimately make him a more embittered and less satisfied human being. Ultimately, the choices that Jim makes, up to and including until the very end of the novel are reflective of the fear of censure and criticism that other people may heap upon him. This is due in large part to the fact that Jim is an outsider of the community and has placed a high emphasis on the importance of inclusion as a means of achieving that which he set out to. Ultimately, as with many decisions and questions of right or wrong, the choices that Jim made in life helped to propel him to a relatively high and important position and enrich him materially. This status was the direct and unquestioned result of the fact that his pervasive fear of censure and judgment caused him to place an extremely high level of importance upon acceptance that a fancy job and a well respected career and high paying salary could afford him. However, the end result was that he was spiritually bankrupt as compared to Antonia. As a function of the warped identity that Jim had built for himself, the level of happiness that he was able to enjoy and appreciate in this life was perennially determined based upon the fears of acceptance and judgment that he carried within him from his past. As a means of irony, the same differential that kept Antonia and Jim apart in their youth, their different outlooks and worldviews, continue to provide a very wide gulf between the two in old age. The story itself helps to exemplify the way in which fears can quickly work their way into a person’s life and seek to utterly redefine the way in which they identify themselves and the reality that defines life. As a function of

Physical Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physical Education - Essay Example The more the calories spent on the physical activity, the less becomes the risk. This is because, exercise has so many advantages such as regulating blood pressure, lowering cholesterol level, regulating stress levels, improving blood circulation, protection against chronic diseases. The exercise recommended for healthy living is approximately 30-40 minutes of vigorous or non-vigorous physical activity for at least 5 days a week. Studies have proved that long term vigorous exercise training helps in reducing the occurrence of mortality and aids in longevity of life span. Even though non-vigorous exercise training reduces all-cause mortality risks, long term vigorous exercise training increases survival rates and longevity. Age related changes in chromosome changes are slowed down by vigorous exercises. It also increases the function of white blood cells thus giving protection against various diseases. Long term vigorous exercise training helps in controlling and maintaining weight, thus giving protection against diseases such as Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD), diabetes, stroke, cancer etc. This exercise training is a healthy lifestyle change which helps in reducing mortality and increasing longevity. High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol is the good cholesterol which cleans out the excess cholesterol adhered to the walls of blood vessels. The excess cholesterol is carried by HDL to the liver for processing. Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol is the bad cholesterol which gets adhered to the walls of the blood vessels. Therefore, the more the HDL cholesterol the less is the risk of coronary art diseases. Regular physical activity of 30 minutes or more helps in increasing the HDL cholesterol level and in decreasing LDL cholesterol levels. To boost the HDL levels, the exercises should be regular and should burn at

Atrial Fibrillation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Atrial Fibrillation - Essay Example AF may occur in men or women and is generally seen in the elderly population in the age group of 60 -70 years or above. As Kowey and Naccarelli points out â€Å"from an epidemiological standpoint AF is predominantly a disease of elderly individuals with cardiovascular diseases† (Kowey and Naccarelli, p.1). AF generally is not seen in the young population. The human heart consists of four chambers – the upper two chambers are known as atria while the two lower ones are known as ventricles. De-oxygenated blood containing high amounts of carbon dioxide enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and flows into the right ventricle. The right atrium contracts to pump the rest of the blood into the right ventricle which in turn contracts to pump the blood into the lungs where the blood loses its carbon dioxide and gets fresh oxygen supply. This oxygenated blood then enters the left atrium which contracts to pump the blood into left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts to send the blood to the rest of the body. These contractions of the heart muscles occur due to an inbuilt electric supply system present in the human heart that sends out electrical signals during each heart beat. Each electrical signal starts its journey from the sino-atrial (SA) node present in the right atrium of the heart. From her e as it moves down it causes both the atria to contract thus pumping blood to the ventricles. The electrical signal then moves down to the atrio-ventricular node and via the bundle of His enter both the ventricles causing them to contract and pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. In atrial fibrillation this electrical signal arises from the nearby pulmonary veins and other parts of the right atrium instead of the SA node. These electrical signals produced are extremely irregular and generally very rapid and can range up to 350 signals per

Ethical Dilemmas in the New York Police Department Assignment

Ethical Dilemmas in the New York Police Department - Assignment Example The judgments made by an officer are supposed to be consistent with the police code of ethics and deviation from this makes their act unethical. However, dilemmas arise due to the environment; and the ethics are not as black and white as before. This paper takes an in depth analysis into these dilemmas and focuses on the NYPD, and how they have and should handle such deviations. Introduction The police are the most noticeable section of law enforcement and are tasked with the responsibility of regulating harmful actions by the public and protecting civil rights. The expectation set for the police is high; they are not only expected to enforce the law but to be exemplary in moral conduct, as they are model for the citizens to emulate. When the police deviate from this expectation, the public lose confidence in the system and what the law can accomplish as they who are regarded as the epitome of the law cannot abide by it. This makes police ethics and action dire, both to the public an d other law enforcement agencies (Pollock, 2012). 1. Ethical dilemma Before one becomes an agent of the law, he/she is required to make an oath to abide by the Law enforcement code of ethics. The code states: As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence and disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice. †¦.. I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities, or friendships to influence my decision. With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law courageously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice, or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence, and never accepting gratuities (DPS, 2009). Police officers are expected to adhere by the code and this is enforced in training where the recruits are taught police culture. The NYPD boasts of having an academy that offers training to recruits and integrates character traits and virtues that embody the police force. These include courage, honesty, integrity and loyalty. These traits and virtues are put into question when the officer gets to the field and encounters real life situations, just like the rest of us. The common ethical dilemmas that face the police are on particular crimes and they include the following: Torture/ police brutality: also known as dirty haring, where a police officer tortures a suspect for information, especially when it is organized crime. The information held by the suspect is crucial in bringing down a mob or even syndicate. The officer feels he has the duty to protect the citizen and goes to distant measures to acquire the information, even if it means the use of force (McCarthy R. & McCarthy J, 2011). Illegal search: the law requires that an officer to have a search warrant in order to enter into a private property and make a legal search. However, an officer on the field may find that hard to do as timing is of essence in crime fighting as crime happens in real time. This means if the officer is to keep the law, he will have to go in pursuit of a warrant thereby letting the illegal transaction go through. The police officer is torn in between preserving the law and enforcing the law, antagonistic virtues promoted by the police culture at such moments (Barker, 2011).

Managerial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Analysis - Essay Example The Factory Overhead account should be debited with 3000 dollars while the raw material inventory account should be credited for the same amount. At the end of a significant period (for instance a month), the ending balance in the overhead account (the remaining glue is recorded in the cost of goods sold and the ending inventory.)If the entries were not corrected, the balance sheet would be affected. Since they form part of the current assets, the current asset balances would have been overstated. Glue is part of indirect raw materials used in the production. That is, it is consumed in the whole process but does not make part of the final product. Raw materials of all types are originally entered into an inventory asset account with a credit to the corresponding accounts payment account and a debit to the raw materials inventory account (Ormiston & Fraser, 2013). During the consumption of the raw materials, the accounting treatment varies, depending on their status as indirect or direct raw materials. Glue is an indirect raw material as it does not form part of the final products, but it is consumed. Consequently, it is entered on the debit side of the factory overhead account while the raw materials inventory asset account is credited. At the conclusion of the month, the overhead ending balance will form part of the cost of goods sold and ending inventories. At the reporting period, the cost of unused production materials will form part of the raw materials inventory account and will be recorded on the balance sheet as a current asset.

Monopolies in Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monopolies in Industry - Essay Example Rockefeller (American industrialist)-Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia, n.d). Originally, this Trust was made to bring cash in through the conversion from whale oil to kerosene. However, with the emergence of the automobile use, gasoline was the by-product that brought immense wealth to this industrial group. By 1890, the Standard Oil already controlled almost 90 percent of America’s oil industry with little competition remaining. Rockefeller took this opportunity to set prices arbitrarily, leaving consumers with no choice but to pay for the set price (The Standard Oil monopoly, by the Linux Information Project." The Linux Information Project (LINFO) Home Page, n.d). Aside from the dreary effects that consumers had to live with, this went on too far as it did not only had many people’s businesses or jobs taken away from them because of the elimination of competition and the ruthless predatory tactics of the trusts but at the same time it was a business that used extensive fraud, political corruption, and physical violence to maintain its monopoly (A History Of U.S. Monopolies." Investopedia – The Web’s Largest Investing Resource, n.d). Thus, the U.S Department of Justice took on several efforts to break the monopoly. Some of which would be the enactment of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act that sought to limit monopolies and cartels. This act gave the government the power to shatter big companies into smaller pieces that would benefit not only one company or a group of people but the general public. However, this act only gave birth to the formation of domestic monopolies and was then used to differentiate between good and bad monopolies as seen by the government. In response to this, the Clayton Act was introduced that served as guidelines to whether mergers and acquisitions that were unavoidable should be allowed if they substantially lessened the competition in the market monopoly (A History

Introduction to the research paper of business process mapping Essay - 1

Introduction to the research paper of business process mapping (operations management) - Essay Example rials, employees and other resources, developing them according to the organization’s needs and utilizing them as effectively and efficiently possible for the organization. (Brown et al, 2001). Operations management is a very broad segment of the organization and covers many areas including costing, manufacturing and supervising. (Stevenson, 2008). No matter the business falls in the category of service industry, manufacturing industry or a combination of both, operations management is nevertheless an essential ingredient for its success. (Jacka and Keller, 2009). However, there might be a drastic difference in the operations management of any two given organizations depending upon the nature of the business and the way the companies operate. (Brown et al, 2001). In case of a manufacturing organization, the operations manager is expected to take care of every single step involved in manufacturing the end-product starting right from the purchase of raw materials and hiring of human resource. (Greasley, 2009). In terms of a service-oriented firm, operations management would mean taking care of each and every step related to delivering the service to the customer and maintaining the flow of processes within the organization. (Stevenson, 2008). In today’s business environment, a successful organization either has an operations management section in its hierarchy or it would outsource such processes to the professional operations management firms present in the market since without it, keeping track of constantly evolving business practices is next to impossible and the business is likely to fail. (Brown et al, 2001). One of the most important aspects of operations management is Business Process Mapping. In order to maintain effectiveness and efficiency in the business processes and to keep track of the developments and procedures, the operations manager needs to lay device a tool to map the operations and processes. (Page, 2010). This tool is called Business

Research Paper on Capillaria hepatica lifecycle and effects on human

On Capillaria hepatica lifecycle and effects on human health - Research Paper Example It will also discuss the diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of disease. Capillaria hepatica is a nematode that causes hepatic capillariasis in several mammals. Rodents were the first host to be described with the infection. Later on, it was discovered that the parasite can infect various mammals including humans (Calle, 1991). Rodents are highly infectious explaining for the global spread of the infection. It has been reported in various countries with China having the highest prevalence of the disease. Until 2000, about 37 cases of human infections have been reported worldwide (Li & Hui-Lin, 2010). The symptoms are nonspecific thus, majority of the cases are misdiagnosed. The parasite causes hepatica capillariasis which is a serious infection of the liver. This occurs both in humans and animals. The adult parasite takes the typical shape of a nematode. The anterior part of the body is narrow while the posterior is broad. The adult female measures about 60 mm long by about 0.20 mm wide and the male is about half as long (Bancroft, 1893). The esophagus occupies about half the body length the females and males a third. The eggs are tapered at the poles. They measure about 0.51- 0.68 mm by 0.30-0.35 mm; resembling those of Trichuris trichura. The dorsal part of the parasite has a copulatory sheath and spicule (Attah &Â  Nagarajan, 1983). Humans get infected following the ingestion of food and water contaminated with the embryonated eggs. The parasite requires only one host to mature from the eggs to the adult. The adult parasite lives in the liver of the host where they lay eggs in the parenchyma. The eggs are not excreted in stool rather they remain dormant until the host dies or the liver is eaten by a predator. These eggs are unembryonated thus are not infectious. They are passed through feces where they are embryonated in the environment (Cox, 1993). Cannibalism plays a vital role in the

Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Confidence positive thlnklng is a major step In the direction of success 5. Positive thinker entrepreneur are positive thinkers. Wealth does not always come to the most intelligent or the most ambitious individuals. Patience -when one owns who his business, there will be times when feels like the roof of craving-in. 7. Decisiveness one should go with his intuition and trust that he is doing the right thing 8. Experience component for growth as a key 9. Information seeking entrepreneur should seek information with client and competitors, seek advice. 10. Perseverance must be willing to persevere during rough times 11. Drive needs to be totally committed 12. Risk taking prefer tasks, which provide them some challenges 13. Innovation creative, they do things in new and different ways 14. Opportunity-seeking readily identifies opportunities for going into or to improve his business 15. Demand for efficiency and quality entrepreneur always strives to find ways to do things better, faster and at a lower cost 16. Systematic planning and monitoring introduces some system in achlevlng his goals by breaking this goal Into short term and long term goals 11. Persuasion and networking easy establishes a network or personal and business contacts around them

Is Chinas Rise A Threat To International Stability Politics Essay

Is Chinas Rise A Threat To International Stability Politics Essay The rise of China is undoubtedly going to have an impact on international affairs and politics throughout the twenty-first century. Chinas extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy are already transforming East Asia, and future decades will see even greater increases in Chinese power and influence. Will Chinas rise be a threat to international stability? In an effort to maintain international peace at the end of World War II 1939-1945, the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, of which the Republic of China (ROC) was a member. Soon after the end of World War II, conflict flared again in many parts of the world. In China, nationalist and communist forces quickly resumed their civil war. In 1949, the Communist Party of China seized power in mainland China and declared the Peoples Republic of China, claiming to have replaced the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China and the ROC government withdrew to Taiwan. The Cold War period 1947-1991, saw a continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II. The Cold War was characterized by the tension between the two contending superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union, and two competing ideologies communism and democracy. The Soviet Union and China were aligned through communism. Chinas leverage in the Cold War was primarily determined by its enormous size. With the largest population and occupying the third largest territory in the world, China was a factor that neither superpower could ignore. Although China was a major Cold War player, its capacity and will to influence global issues and international affairs were inevitably compromised by the fact that it was backward in technology and economic development, which allowed the United States to be prevalent in world politics. After the Cold War the Soviet Union and China moved toward free markets, and they seemed headed for political freedom as well. However, what has emerged is an authoritarian system in which the leaders of Communist Party of China control their countries newly capitalist national economies. China is well on its way to becoming a formidable global power. The size of its economy has quadrupled since the launch of market reforms in the late 1970s and, by some estimates, will double again over the next decade. It has become one of the worlds major manufacturing centres and consumes roughly a third of the global supply of iron, steel, and coal. It had accumulated massive foreign reserves, worth more than USD $1 trillion by the end of 2006. The growth of the Chinese economy and its influence on the world markets has allowed it to become more prevalent in world politics. As a great power and emerging superpower, Chinas foreign policy and strategic thinking is highly influential. China officially states it unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The fundamental goals of this policy are to preserve Chinas independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for Chinas reform.  [1]  Ever since its creation the PRC has sought to increase its power in relation to its regional neighbours and other international powers, especially the United States and the now defunct Soviet Union. To a large extent Chinas rise has been based upon avoiding military actions although it is not averse to causing regional and international instability. Whilst China has attempted successfully to become a major economic power it has not reduced its powerful armed forces, or stopped its support for rogue states and that does worry its neighbours, especially Taiwan. Some are concerned about the threat posed by Ch inas rise feeling it is potentially dangerous due to the decline of the United States and its own unpredictable foreign policy, not to mention its backing of countries that are determined to undermine global stability. The growth of Chinas economy and its military strength has allowed it to become much more dominant in world affairs in recent decades. The recent financial crisis has created a power shift because the emerging economies, especially China and India, managed to avoid the worst of the crisis. It was not a complete decoupling as both still depend heavily on the United States and Europe for exports, but the trend is moving in a key direction. In 2010, China expects to hit double digit growth this year and India is expected to grow 8.75 per cent. China and India will be important centres for innovation and manufacturing in the decades ahead. China is likely to become the world powerhouse for intellectual property. China has the worlds third largest patent office and over one million patent applications are filed in China every year. Experts tip that China and India will create new trading blocs that will sideline the United States and Western Europe. A Free Trade Agreement between the Association of South East Asian Nations and China came into effect on New Years Day. It created the worlds third largest free trade bloc behind the European Union and the North American Free Trade. This will have a significant impact on the future direction of global world markets and the traditional eastern reliance on the United States. One of the fastest growing economies in the world today, China has extended its tentacles into every realm possible, replacing Germany as the worlds biggest exporter and fast catching up the US in military capacity. Undeniably, the rise of china has been advantageous to the world in several aspects, such as faster world economic growth and the alleviation of global poverty. This is largely due to chinas expansionary economic policy which aims to assist China in achieving rapid economic development. In this process, economic links have been established with several countries. Chinas rise helps global integration via the signing of Free Trade Agreements, improving standard of living in the world due to economic development. China is reported to have replaced the US as the worlds largest energy consumer, as it continues to absorb natural resources. This has assisted several African countries such as Nigeria which are resource rich, in achieving greater progress to prosperity, easing extreme poverty in those countries as well. To a large extent, it is conclusive to say the world has benefited from Chinas rise and it continues to play an important role the global economy. Given todays increased conne ctedness among countries as a result of globalization, China can be a stabilizing force in managing more serious world threats such as financial meltdown, contagious diseases, provocative acts by rogue counties as well as terrorism and climate change. Chinas rise is needed to assist the process of global integration, through utilization of its influence on the developing world.

Evolution of Smart Homes

Evolution of Smart Homes I. Introduction Smart homes, the next gigantic leap in the field of home automation, have become an emerging research field in last few decades. Research on smart homes has been gradually moving towards application of ubiquitous computing, tackling issues on device heterogeneity and interoperability. A smart home adjusts its function to the inhabitants need according to the information it collects from inhabitants, the computation system and the context [1]. By 2050, approximately 20% of the world population will be at least 60 years old [2]. This age group is more likely to suffer from long-term chronic diseases and will face difficulties in living independently. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 650 million people live with disabilities around the world [3].The most common causes of disability include chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer; injuries due to road traffic crashes, conflicts, falls, landmines, mental impairments, birth defects, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases. It is not possible and logical to support all these patients in the medical center or nursing homes for an uncertain period of time. The solution is to accommodate health care services and assistive technologies in their home environment which is the main objective of smart homes. Sensors, multimedia devices and physiological equipments are core components to perceive information from home environment Infrared (IR) sensors, pressure sensors, magnetic contacts, passive and active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are used to track inhabitant location detection. Electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmograph(PPG), ,temperature, spirometry, galvanic skin response, colorimetry and pulse measurement equipments are used to get physiological information from the patient. Camera and microphones provide audiovisual response from home user. Inhabitant can access the system through display panel. Power line communication protocols are widely used for the connectivity of home appliances. Public telecommunication network with voice and text messaging service is involved to provide telecare facility from remote location. Videoconferencing is used as an interactive communication media between caregiver and the client. TCP/IP protocols of Ethernet network provide data connectivity for local and remote sites and locations. Ethernet protocols are also used to connect health-monitoring equipments and to provide data repository service. Algorithms from machine learning, data compression, statistics and artificial intelligent are employed to predict user behavior, detect activities of daily life (ADL) and location. C4.5 algorithm from machine learning is utilized to build spatiotemporal context of user. C4.5 algorithm is developed by Quinlan in 1993 which classify the data to construct a decision tree according to data attributes [47].Active LeZi from data compression algorithms is used to predict inhabitants next behavior. Active LeZi by Gopalratnam et al..in 2007 builds a decision tree utilizing similar methodology of LZ78 data compression algorithm and predict next event using Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) algorithm[22].Statistical predictive algorithms like Bayesian filtering, dynamic Bayesian network algorithms classify the information and recognize ADL of home client[34][41][44]. Different flavors of AI algorithms extended for smart home data processing. Markov model, Hidden Markov model, Artificial Neur al Network can detect the living pattern of user and can also predict the user [7][13][14][38]. Fuzzy Logic is used for home appliance control [36]. Smart home is mainly dedicated to provide health care, safety, security and monitoring service for patient and elderly. The house is equipped with sensors, cameras to track people and can trigger an alarm to a remote heath care service provider in the case of emergency. Sophisticated physiological devices monitor heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, ECG record and the patient is being observed from a distance location. Telecommunication service is used for communicating with service provider, relatives or neighbor and as a redundant acknowledgement method from the patient. For home comfort system, lighting, heating, doors, windows and home appliances are automatically controlled by ambient intelligence of smart home. Smart home also has significant contribution towards energy conservation by integration of energy meter with smart home [4]. Home automation is the initial state of smart home where electronic technologies are used to provide an easy access to household devices. Rapid development of sensor technology accelerated the growth of smart home that involved more data processing. Improvement of information and communication technology make possible to develop easy and cost effective methods for data repository and exchange. Smart home is a growing concept, efficient and lower cost solutions for general people are the main idea to promote it. II. Smart Home defination Smart home is an extension of modern electronic, information and communication technologies. The main objective of smart home research is to provide smartness to a dwelling facility for comfort, healthcare, security and energy conservation. Remote monitoring system is a common component of health smart home where telecommunication and web technologies are used to provide quick and proper medication to the patient from specialized assistance centre. The first formal definition of smart home was published by Intertek in 2003, which was involved to Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) smart-homes project in UK [5]. According to Intertek a smart home is a dwelling incorporating a communications network that connects the key electrical appliances and services, and allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored or accessed. A home needs three things to make it smart: Internal network wire, cable, wireless Intelligent control gateway to manage the systems Home automation products within the homes and links to services and systems outside the home III. Review of Smart Homes Smart homes projects are being conducted for last several decades and they convey different ideas, functions and utilities. It is growing to different brunches of specialization focusing the interest of the researchers and user requirements and expectations. This article is a study of the evolution of smart home according to time. Adaptive Control of Home Environment (ACHE) system is developed by Mozer in 1998 in USA. ACHE monitors user device usage pattern utilizing different types of sensors and builds an adaptive inferential engine for neural network to control temperature, heating and lighting. ACHE can control three main components of a home while trying to maximize user comfort and conserve energy [7].ACHE is one of the early smart home projects which is able to partially automate home environment via controlling lighting, temperature and heating components. CarerNet is an architectural model of integrated and intelligent telecare system proposed by Williams et al. in 1998. Its core components are sensor set, a sensor bus, intelligent monitoring system and a control unit. ECG, photoplethysmograph, spirometry, temperature, galvanic skin response, colorimetry, and pulse measurement tools used to collect physiological data. The communication network within the clients local environment is an integration of HomeLAN and Body Area Network (BAN) which is responsible to carry real-time data, event data, command and control data. It has a distributed intelligence system in the form of smart sensors, smart therapy units, body-hub, Local Intelligence Unit (LIU) and Clients Healthcare Record (CHR). Home emergency alarm system, community health information and ambulatory monitoring service can be provided by the system. [8]. CarerNet is an abstract model of health smart home and interconnecting components. No prototype of the model has been developed . Only a hypothetical case study is of an individual who had undergone brain surgery after suffering from a subarachnoid is discussed. Barnes et al. in 1998 have evaluated life style monitoring data of elderly using infrastructure of British Telecom and Anchor Trust in England. The system detects inhabitants movement using IR sensors and magnetic contacts on the entrance of the doors. To measure temperature it uses a temperature sensor in the main living area. An alarm activation system is developed which detects abnormal behavior and communicates to remote telecare control center, the clients and their carers[9]. The researchers presented a lower cost solution for smart telecare. The limitation of the system is it can identify only abnormal sleeping duration, unexpected inactivity, uncomfortable home temperature and fridge usage disorder. Moreover, it uses a special new telecom protocol named No Ring Calling which demands modifying existing telecom protocols. TERVA is a health monitoring system developed in Finland by Korhonen et al.(1998). TERVA processes physiological information like blood pressure, heart beat rate, body temperature, body weight to draw graphical representation of wellness condition of the subject[10].Research goal of the TERVA system is to develop a real time visual monitoring system but it is unable to provide long-term trend of certain physiological information. It cannot detect physiological problems and no assistive service is deployed to provide health care. The intelligent home (IHome) project at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst has developed an intelligent environment (Lesser et al.1999) IHome is a simulated environment designed with Multi Agent Survivability Simulator (MASS) and a Java Agent Framework (JAF) as tools to evaluate agent behavior and their coordination. The focus of the project is to model agent interactions and task interactions so that the agent can evaluate the tradeoff between robustness and efficiency [11].IHome is a simulation only solution, the project never build a practical smart home to evaluate their model. The Aware Home Research at the Georgia Institute of Technology developed a smart home, which equipped with monitoring facilities to study human behavior (Kidd et al. 1999). To build a model of user behavior pattern, it uses smart floor to sense footsteps. Hidden Markov models, simple feature-vector averaging and neural network algorithms are applied on these data to create and evaluate behavioral model [12]. The aim of the project is to study user behavior, which is the primary stage of smart home research. The project never developed home intelligence which is a big shortfall of the research. The EasyLiving project at Microsoft Research based on intelligent environment to track multiple residents using distributed image-processing system (Krumm et al. 2000). The system can identify residents through active badge system. Measurements are used to define geometric relationship between the people, devices, places and things [13][14].The system is workable in single room only and can track upto three peoples simultaneously. SELF (Sensorized Environment for LiFe), is an intelligent environment, which enables a person to maintain his or her health through self-communication (Nishida et al. 2000). SELF observes the persons behavior with distributed sensors invisibly embedded in the daily environment, extracts physiological parameters from it, analyzes the parameters, and accumulates the results. The accumulated results are used for reporting useful information to maintain the persons health. The researchers constructed a model room for SELF consisted of a bed with pressure sensor array, a ceiling lighting dome with a microphone and a washstand with display[15].SELF describes a self-assessment system of human health but measuring only respiratory system and sleeping disorder, which is not sufficient to monitor health condition. The ENABLE project was set up in 2001 to measure the impact of assistive technology on the patient suffering from mild or moderate dementia (Adlam et al. 2004). The researcher installed two devices (cooker and night light) in the apartment of several patients in different locations to evaluate the efficiency of the system [16]. The research scope is limited to only two household devices but to assist this type of patient the whole house must possess some kind of intelligence. Health Integrated Smart Home Information System (HIS) is an experimental platform for home based monitoring (Virone.et al. 2002). IR sensors are used to track inhabitant activities and the information is transmitted via Controller Area Network (CAN) to a local computer. The system generates alerts according to some predefine zones [17]. The research is only limited to single inhabitant monitoring. In 2002, GuillÃÆ' ©n et al. developed a system composed of two parts: home station (HS) and caregiver medical center (CMC) connected via integrated service digital network (ISDN) backbone. The home station is equipped with vital signs recording module to monitor physiological data like blood pressure, temperature, ECG, pulse oximetry. Caregiver medical center is like a call center designed specially with patient monitoring software. An interactive communication system between home and caregiver center is developed using videoconferencing technology [18]. Figure 1 shows functional modules of multimedia smart home. The system requires high Internet bandwidth for videoconferencing, which needs expensive equipments and high maintenance cost. Functional module of multimedia platform [18] At University of Tokyo, Noguchi et al (2002) designed an intelligent room to support daily life of the inhabitant. The system has three main components: data collection, data processing and integration of processed data. The system learns current state of environment from sensors attached to bed, floor, table and switches. A summarization algorithm is used to track any changes in the system. The algorithm segments the collected sensory data at the points where sensor outputs changes drastically (i.e. pressure data appears suddenly or switch sensors are changed). It labels the segment with the room state. It joins a state of each segment to quantize the accumulated data and ties up the changed situation. The algorithm also tries to eliminate and reduces situations that changes slightly [19].The proposed summarization algorithm can detect user activities which is tested for single room only. No home automation method discussed utilizing the algorithm. MavHome (Managing an Adaptive Versatile Home) first introduced by Das et al. in 2002 at the University of Texas, Arlington [20]. Figure 2 describes MavHome architecture in brief. MavHome use multi disciplinary technologies: artificial intelligent, multimedia technology, mobile computing and robotics. It is divided into four abstract layers: physical, communication, information and decision. X10 protocol is used to control and monitor more than sixty X10 devices plugged into the home electric wiring system [21]. Active LeZi algorithm is developed that makes a decision tree based on kth order Markov model and predict next action calculating probability of all actions applying prediction by partial matching method [22]. Although MovHome utilize algorithms to make accurate prediction and decision, it only predicts the behavior of single inhabitant [23]. concrete architecture of MavHome[21] The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Technology for Successful aging (RERC-Tech-Aging) at the University of Florida introduced House of Matilda (Helel et al. 2003, 2005)[24].The home is inhabited by a dummy called Mutilda. The main aim of this research is to perceive user location using ultrasound technology. After two years, in 2005 they designed the second generation of this home named GatorTech'[25]. GatorTech is actually integration of smart device with sensors and actuators to optimize the comfort and safety of older peoples. The system is not user friendly because it requires wearable device for user tracking. In 2004, Mihailidis et al. developed a computer vision system in pervasive healthcare systems. The vision system consists of three agents: sensing, planning and prompting. Statistics and physics based methods of segmenting skin color in digital images are used for face and hand tracing [26]. Only hand and face tracing is not sufficient to make an efficient smart home system, the system should include body tracking and hand gesture reorganization. Multimedia Laboratories, NTT DoCoMo Inc. in Japan, has developed a system for modeling and recognizing personal behavior utilizing sensors and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag (Isoda et al. 2004)[27]. C4.5 algorithm is used to construct decision tree from the data obtained from the sensors and RFID tags. The users behavioral context at any given moment is obtained by matching the most recently detected states with previously defined task models. The system is an effective way for acquiring users spatiotemporal context but no intelligent system is developed for home appliances control. Andoh et al. in 2004 developed a networked non-invasive health monitoring system analyzing breath rate, heart rate, snoring and body movement. Researchers adopted Ethernet network for breath monitoring system implementation. The system can estimate sleep stages analyzing data using the algorithm developed for the purpose [28]. The system cannot summarize long term observation of patients sleeping disorder. In 2005, Masuda et al. have developed a health monitoring arrangement using existing telecommunication system for home visit rehabilitation therapists. Researchers used an air filled mat to measure heartbeat and respiratory condition. When the patient lies on the air mat, his heartbeat and respiratory movement cause significant change in air pressure inside the mat, which is measured by pressure sensor and analyzed by appropriate filtering process [29]. The interesting part of the project is the usage of an air bag as monitoring equipment but its limitation is, it can only measure heart rate and respiratory condition. In 2005, Ma et al emphasized on context awareness to provide automatic services in smart home. They used case-based reasoning (CBR) to provide more appropriate services. CBR technique relies on previous interactions and experiences to find solutions for current problems. The system can adopt any manual adjustment done by modifying case data [30].This is the initial state of the project where few scenarios like AC, TV, lamp interaction is evaluated. Their future plan is to add more contexts and enrich the features of case tables. The House_n group at MIT designed PlaceLab a new living laboratory for the study of ubiquitous technologies in home environment (Intille et al. 2005). PlaceLab deployed with numerous wire, light, pressure, temperature water, gas, current sensors with video and audio devices to create vast amount of real life data from single volunteers as well as couples [31].The goal of the project is to study human behavior, influence of technology on the people and how technology can be used to simplify user interaction with home appliances. Their main contribution is an open online database of smart home sensor events and a well featured analyzing software [48].Researchers never implemented the study to build an autonomous intelligent home. Yamazaki (2006) constructed Ubiquitous Home, a real-life test bed, for home context-aware service. It is a housing test facility for the creation of useful new home services by linking devices, sensors, and appliances across data networks. Active and passive RFID tags located above the ceiling and at the entrance of the door are used to detect and recognize inhabitants. Pressure sensors are used to track user movement and furniture. The system is occupied with plasma panels, liquid crystal display and microphone for better interaction with the users. A network robot is employed to perform certain home services. Researchers concluded that the goal of smart home is not to design an automated home but to develop an environment using interface technologies between human and the system [32].Although, the researchers installed enough sensors and interfacing devices , the system is only sensible to few task automations like TV program selection, cooking recipe display and forgotten property service. Ha et al. (2006) presents a sensor-based indoor location-aware system that can identify residents location. Researchers used an array of Pyroelectric Infrared (PIR) sensor and proposed a framework of smart home location aware system. An algorithm is developed to process the information collected from PIR sensors for inhabitant location detection. Their next step is to design an algorithm to determine location and trajectory of multiple residents simultaneously [33]. The project in dedicated to user location detection system which is an essential part of smart home. No system is developed to provide intelligence to the house employing user location. In 2007, Rahal et al. at DOMUS laboratory, Universit ´e de Sherbrooke, Canada, utilized Bayesian Filtering methods to determine location of the inhabitants. Bayes filters are efficiently used to estimate a persons location using a set of fixed sensors. In this method, the last known position and the last sensor event are both used to estimate a new location. The algorithm based on Bayesian filtering shows a mean localization accuracy of 85% [34].This project also deals with user location detection algorithm, no home automation is developed using the processed information. De Silva et al. (2007) have implemented an audiovisual retrieval and summarization system utilizing multimedia technology for human behavior tracking. Using a large number of cameras a hierarchical clustering of audio and video handover used to create personalized video clips. An adaptive algorithm is used for complete and compact summary of the video retrieved. Basic audio analysis methods are applied for accurate audio segmentation and source localization. An interface allowed users to incorporate their knowledge into the search process and obtain more accurate results for their queries [35].The system can track people, extract key frame, localize sound source, detect lighting change but cannot distinguished different people. At Tampere University of Technology, Vainio et al.(2008) developed a proactive fuzzy home-control system. An adaptive algorithm applied to evaluate the test on obtained results. The goal of the research is to help elderly people live independently at home. Developed system can recognize routines and also recognize deviations from routines. The system can provide information to caregivers about living rhythm, sleeping disorders, and medicine taking of inhabitant [36]. But the system works sensibly only for lighting control. In 2008, Swaminathan et al. proposed an object reorganization system using visual image localization and registration. Appliances are first registered in the image processing system. According to the voice command of the user, appropriate object is selected using an environmental map [27].It is actually a home automaton project using speech reorganization to receive user command and commands are executed to the objects which already known to the system. Growing Self-Organizing Maps (GSOM) used a self-adaptive neural network to detect and recognize activities of daily life addressed by Zheng et al in 2008 [38] [39]. The GSOM follows the basic principle of the Kohonen self-organizing map with a special focus on adaptive architecture. The learning process of the GSOM is started by generating an initial network composed by four neurons on a 2-dimensional grid, followed by iteratively presenting training data samples. The system is tested in single room apartment for about two weeks where it can recognized user pattern of 22 distinct activities. Like other Self Adaptive Neural Networks (SANN), the system is depends on several learning parameters to be determined in advance such as initial learning rate and the size of the initial neighborhood. Other machine learning method must be utilized in parallel to determine optimum parameter for best performance. In 2008, Perumal et al. from Institute of Advanced Technology of University Putra Malaysia (UPM) have presented a design and implemented Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) based residential engagement for smart home systems appliances control [40]. An appliance control module based on SOAP and web services developed to solve the interoperation of various home appliances in smart home systems. Fifteen feedback based control channels implemented with residential management system through Web Services. If the residential management system experiences server downtime, the home appliances can still be controlled using alternate control mechanism with GSM network via SMS Module locally and remotely. This system offers a complete, bi-directional real-time control and monitoring of smart home systems. No security mechanism is used to protect the web server from unauthorized access. Virone et al. present a dozens of statistical behavioral patterns obtained from an activity monitoring pilot study. The pilot study examined home activity rhythms of 22 residents in an assisted living environment with four case studies. Established behavioral patterns have been captured using custom software based on a statistical predictive algorithm that models circadian activity rhythms (CARs) and their deviations (Virone et al. 2008). The system cannot differentiate multiple inhabitants [41]. Yoo et al. examined web-based implementation possibility of a central repository to integrate the biosignal data arrives from various types of devices in a remote smart home. Medical waveform description Format Encoding Rule (MFER) standard is followed for communicating and storing the biosignal data in ubiquitous home health monitoring system. The web-based technology allowed ubiquitous access to the data from remote location. The paper presents a common data format for all types of sensor (Yoo et al. 2008)[42].Figure 3 describes functional architecture of web based data retrieval system. Information security, which is a burning issue for any web based system is not considered in this research. A web-based architecture for transferring the measured biosignal data from the u-House to the remote central repository. A snow-flake data model is designed by Zhang et al. in 2008 to represent the activities data in smart homes [43]. Sensor data are stored in the homeML structure. A new algorithm is proposed on the prediction of class labels for variable person and activities of daily life (ADL) indicating who is doing what, given the observed episode and time information. Accuracy is calculated as the proportion of the number of correctly predicted class over the total number of episodes in the evaluation dataset. The learning output in the form of a joint probability distribution is also assessed by the distance to the true underlying probability distribution, using the Euclidean metric. The smaller the distance is, the closer the learned model to the true situation. The algorithm is based on probabilistic distribution and able to predict ADL of more than one inhabitant. The result given is based on simulated data and the example shows only one task identification (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"making drink activi ties). In 2008, Park et al. proposed a method for recognizing ADL at multiple levels of details by combining multi-view computer vision and RFID based direct sensor [44]. A hierarchical recognition scheme is proposed by building a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) that encompasses both coarse-level and fine-level ADL recognition. Their methodology combines the two tracking technology. The system requires wearable RFID tag which is not comfortable for users. Rashidi et al. developed CASAS at Washington State University in 2008. CASAS is an adaptive smart home that utilizes machine-learning techniques to discover patterns in user behaviour and to automatically mimic these patterns. The goal is to keep the resident in control of the automation. Users can provide feedback on proposed automation activities, modify the automation policies, and introduce new requests. In addition, CASAS can discover changes in residents behaviour patterns automatically. Frequent and Periodic Activity Miner (FPAM) algorithm mines this data to discover frequent and periodic activity patterns. These activity patterns are modelled by their Hierarchal Activity Model (HAM), which utilizes the underlying temporal and structural regularities of activities to achieve a satisfactory automation policy. User can provide feedback on proposed automation activities, modify the automation policies, and introduce new requests [45].To make a system more interactive smart home s hould be equipped with voice reorganization facilities which is absent in this system. Raad et al. developed a cost-effective user-friendly telemedicine system to serve the elderly and disabled people. An architecture of telemedicine support in smart home that consists of web and telecom interface is considered in their research (Raad et al. 2008)[46]. This system also suffers from information security issues. PRIMA (Perception, recognition and integration for interactive environments) research group of the LIG laboratory at the INRIA Grenoble research center in France has defined a model for contextual learning in smart homes (2009). The authors developed a 3D smart environment consisting cameras, a microphone array and headset microphones for situation modeling. It relies on 3D video tracking and role detection process regarding activities of the person. Roles are learned by support vector machines (SVM). It is also capable to learn speed of the inhabitant and distance to the interacting object. Proposed system can identify situations like introduction, presentation, aperitif, game and siesta. Its error rate is very high [49]. Kim et al. developed a pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor based indoor location aware system (PILAS) in 2009.The system uses an array of PIR sensors attached with the ceiling and detects inhabitants location by combining overlapped detected areas. PIR sensors construct a virtual map of resident location transition. To improved accuracy, they applied Bayesian classifier using a multivariate Gaussian probability density function to determine the location of an inhabitant. PILAS is unable to detect multiple residents [50]. Wang et al. have developed a smart home monitoring and controlling system(2009). The system can be controlled from remote locations through an embedded controller. They have developed different GUI for mobile devices and PCs. Each device has a unique address. A new command format to control the devices is introduced. It is a complex system and not compatible to previous smart homes architectures [51]. Yongping et al. have developed an embedded web server to control equipments using Zigbee protocol (2009). For this purpose they used S3C2410 microprocessor which was programmed with Linux 2.6 kernel. To provider online access a small web server (only 60 Kbytes) named Boa is installed. An interface had also been designed to communicate with Zigbee module (MC13192).The system do possess any type of intelligence [52]. Hussain el al. have developed inhabitant identification system using wireless sensor network (WSN) and RFID sensors (2009). The system can identify user location by the intensity of the Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of WSN. A person is recognized by attached a RFID tag. The combined reading of RSSI signal and RFID receiver can successfully identify specific location of a resident in the home. The system is limited to single person tracking [53]. At Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan, Chen et al.

Free College Admissions Essays: We Must All Be Part of the Solution! :: College Admissions Essays

We Must All Be Part of the Solution! Â   Sara had always been my best friend. It didn't matter that she was different. We had fun together. Then we started middle school and our whole world was flipped upside down. Â   Sara and I were thrown into a larger school with more people than we had ever seen at one school at the same time. After a few fear-filled weeks, I became comfortable in my new surroundings and was doing well. I wish I could say the same for Sara. I didn't understand why she was having so much trouble. All the work we did was no harder than the things we had done in grammar school. The only real difference was how the material was presented to us, and I didn't see how that could affect her learning. Â   I was worried about Sara; she was getting teased a lot and always appeared so sad. She told me that she had a problem that she was working on with her guidance counselor. Sara asked if I would go with her to the guidance counselor. I went to see Mrs. Vance with Sara. Mrs. Vance told us that Sara's evaluation revealed a language disorder. Â   Sara had an impairment in the ability to use words. Mrs. Vance said that when Sara read, she understood what the words meant. When speaking or writing, however, her words didn't always come out the way she meant them to. That explained why Sara got the answers wrong to questions she knew. Â   I found out that 1 out of every 10 children in America have language disorders. These problems may mildly, moderately, or severely impair the learning process. Students with these kinds of learning disabilities may exhibit a wide range of traits, including problems with reading comprehension, spoken language and writing. These problems are not the result of a lack of intelligence, rather they are resultant from an obstacle to communication of ideas. Â   After our meeting, I sat down to talk with Sara. At first she was embarrassed, but after a few minutes I got her to talk. We spoke about her disability, study solutions, and ways to help her do better in school. I offered to help her in any way that I could. We started studying together. I read aloud to her and wrote in large, dark print.

Atwoods Tricks With Mirrors as a Declaration of Female Independence Es

Atwood's Tricks With Mirrors as a Declaration of Female Independence Relationships are complex things, with ever-changing dynamics. Some traditional roles are always played in the constant search for balance between giving and taking in relationships. Women have historically and stereotypically played the role of "giver" in male-female romantic unions. In recent years the gender laws of relationships have been changing and evolving, but even as recently as the 1970s and 1980s women have been restricted to the role of complacent giver in their relationships. Their freedom of thought and even private speech have been impossible to repress, however, and through broadening that communication, things have been forced into change. A perfect example of this form of communication as an attempt to change the role-playing games of relationships is Margaret Atwood's 1974 poem, "Tricks With Mirrors." Through the use of poetic devices such as metaphor and tone in "Tricks with Mirrors," Atwood attempts to explain and break free from the restrictions of these tradit ional dynamics in relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Part I of the poem, Atwood uses a seemingly vague introduction to the subject matter, but gets straight to the point. Within five lines, she distinctly identifies her role as a mirror as she says, "I enter with you / and become a mirror," (lines 4-5). She gives the impression that she is merely an object in this relationship - she is a mirror through which her self-absorbed lover may view himself. "Mirrors / are the perfect lovers," she states (lines 6-7). They show a constant and loyal reflection to whoever may stand in front of them. She is objectifying herself as she tells her lover to carry her carefully up the stairs and to ... ...She uses her tone of voice and the metaphors of mirrors and pools to make her case for freedom. Atwood's speaker is merely an object trapped in a relationship in which she serves only to reflect her lover to himself - and she no longer wishes to remain as such. She is seemingly ever patient in her endeavors, and continues to give throughout her quiet rebellion. All her lover ever does is take from her what he pleases - a faithful reflection of what he wishes to see in himself. Atwood defines these traditional roles in relationships while forming her opposition to the nature of these unfair dynamics. "Tricks with Mirrors" is almost an anthem for the oppressed woman - a statement that calmly explains a situation that needs to be changed. A deeper message may be found in the poem, however, as she conveys her detached unhappiness - do not become a mirror, she tells us.

Personal Narrative: Term Paper Procrastination :: Free Essay Writer

3:30 A.M. finds me in front of a glowing computer screen yet again. I’m waiting for inspiration. My friends, kind enough to let me use their dorm room and their Macintosh, are asleep in their beds just feet away in the half-darkness, reaping the rewards of their wisdom: they haven’t waited until the night before like I have. I take swigs of Mountain Dew from a plastic mug; it’s the sweet nectar of the Gods of Last-Minute Paper Writing. No, make that bittersweet nectar -- the taste of sugary green goodness reminds me, with every swallow, that I’ve sentenced myself to another unnecessary all-nighter. I have few ideas and even less time†¦ The blinking computer cursor on an otherwise empty screen was the college version of the blank white page of my earlier years, before technology had taken us so far. But for me it was, in many ways, the same old problem. With early drafts of a paper rarely required, I came time and time again to a point where a significant portion of my grade rested on what was essentially a single night’s work. I usually left myself no option but to write in one long session on a computer - there weren’t enough hours remaining to compose a version on paper to be typed up afterward. And time and again, my method, such as it was, worked for me. I not only survived but prospered. But I sometimes wondered, and still wonder: this works, but am I progressing? Has my writing grown? Should it be possible to turn out an â€Å"A† paper in a night? What standards are being used to judge these papers? Do my desperate all-night writing sessions somehow, in ways I don’t understand, hel p me improve? How did I learn to write at a level that has helped me succeed up to this point? My early writing education is mostly lost to my conscious memory, but I do think that regular reading, from a young age, of books of all sorts loomed large in that education. I remember a prose piece from sixth-grade â€Å"honors† English And Reading class called â€Å"Mutants†. It was my response to an assignment to write â€Å"a book†; about thirty handwritten pages, it was made up of two separate stories about young people with super-powers. I was at the time a huge fan of a comic book (recently popularized on film) called â€Å"The X-Men†, about a group of people born with strange powers who fought for good even though they were feared and hated by the public.

Nursing As a Discipline Essay

Is nursing a discipline or just a profession? The term discipline describes the practise of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour, so can nursing be placed under this classification? The term profession described as a paid occupation or a body of people engaged in a particular profession, so can nursing be placed under this classification? Yes nursing is a paid occupation, thus allowing it to be placed under the classification of nursing as a profession. However, nursing can also be placed under discipline as you are trained to obey a code of behaviour. Nursing as a discipline has interrelated relationships between nursing practice, knowledge and research and these relationships help to advance the discipline of nursing. Is nursing a profession or a discipline? The goal of the discipline is to expand knowledge about human experiences through creative conceptualisation and research, (Parse, R.R, 1999). The goal of the profession is to provide a service to humankind thro ugh living the art of science, (Parse, R.R, 1999). Through those definitions of the nursing discipline and the nursing profession, it can be seen that the nursing practice can be thought as a discipline or a profession. The discipline of nursing encompasses the knowledge in the extant framework and theories that are embedded in the totality and simultaneity paradigm, (Parse, R.R, 1999). The profession of nursing consists of person educated in the discipline of nursing according to nationally regulated defined and monitored standards, (Parse, R.R, 1999). You can see that nursing is both a profession and a discipline and you can see that there are interrelationships between nursing practice, knowledge and research. In nursing as a discipline you can see that there is an interrelationship between nursing practice, knowledge and research. It has been said that that understanding of knowledge base is essential for judgement and decision-making that occurs before, during, and after the actual tasks are preformed, (Evans, R.J, 2006). This shows that the relationship between nursing practice and knowledge is strong and can be seen in everyday practice. â€Å"An awareness of the relationship(s) between skil ls and other competencies is essential to understanding the complexity of the dynamics of nursing practice†, (Evans, R.J, 2006). This shows the importance of being able to back up the choices made with the knowledge and research. The relationship between knowledge and research is just as  important as the relationship between nursing practice and knowledge. Having that relationship allows for the knowledge to be gained by research and in the overall picture is allows for the interrelationship between nursing practice, knowledge and research to be seen by others that are not in the health care workforce. |A proposed model that builds on work by Benner, (1984), illustrated that nurses moves through a number of phases in nursing, from novice to expert. The authors here propose that the knowledge, skill and judgement possessed by the nurse also pass through the same phases. The skills implemented by a nurse are not performed contextually free. They are always supported by the knowledge acquired through basic and continuing education, experience, research findings, and intuition that nurses develop as they move through Benner’s levels of novice to expert. The performance of a skill cannot stand alone; it is always supported by the knowledge and judgement. The second part of the model revolves around the understanding that knowledge, judgement, and their skills and their interrelationship do no remain static. We believe that the knowledge, skill and judgement that nurses possess and display also change in a similar manner.| (Evans, R.J, 2006). This demonstrates that having this relationship in the nursing profession helps to advance it as a discipline. By having these relationships public within the nursing profession it shows that they know what they are doing. It gives a support when with the patients. These relationships help the families and carers of those we look after. The interrelationships between nursing practice, knowledge and research have helped advance nursing as a discipline but also keeping it within a profession. As the definition goes discipline is training of people to obey a code of behaviour, and that’s what the interrelationships between nursing practice, knowledge and research shows. Having these advancements plays a significant role on nurses and the nursing career as they give nurses a broader role within the workforce, as they are not just looking after pa tients and being there advocates, nurses are now showing their knowledge in their judgements and decision-makings. Overall, the nursing career can be classified as a profession as well as a discipline due to the interrelationship between nursing practice, knowledge and research. They have had a big role in the advancement of nursing as a discipline. Nurses now have the role of demonstrating their knowledge through their judgements  and decision-making within the nursing practice. By doing this they illustrate the large interrelationship between nursing practice, knowledge and research. References: Evans, R. J., & Donnelly, G. W. (2006). A model to describe the relationship between knowledge, skill, and judgment in nursing practice. Nursing Forum, 41(4), 150-7. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.utas.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/195028141?accountid=14245 Bryant, R. B., Foley, E. R., & Percival, E. C., A.M. (2008). The role of RCNA in promoting transcultural nursing as a discipline of study, research, practice and management in australia. Contemporary Nurse : A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 28(1), 3-11. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.utas.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/203177534?accountid=14245 Parse, R.R, (1999), ‘Nursing: The discipline and the profession’, Vol. 12, No.4, PP. 275-276, viewed 8 May 2013, < http://nsq.sagepub.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/content/12/4/275.full.pdf>

Havaianas Advertisement Essay

This member is stating that these sandals fit all personalities and characters no ace and only(a) is too cool for these sandals. In lodge to persuade the audience they obviously engross attractive models to gain the commentators attention. They then go on to clip the models in the clothing the words argon describing. All in all they make a pretty cool expression ad that will definitely enchant the attention of their audience, Cosmopolitan readers. The ad keeps bingle looking around the page so that the reader will see at the bottom where the name of the company and what they atomic number 18 selling is located.Havaianas is not necessarily implying that unmatchable benefits in any particular agency by accepting their sandals, they argon effective trying to iterate that these sandals are or can be worn be anyone. Superheros, movie stars, and even tango enthusiasts would wear these at times, so they must sop up the style and comfort for all occasions. Havaianas world po wer not make u fall in person, but it appears from the models that they are in a good mood and comfortable in there surrounding even though the house is getting destroyed.At offset printing glance I thought the obligate was trying to make it seem one would be more popular for have on Havaians, but then I cognise they are trying to sell wad on the products versatility, how it is a sandal for all occasions. after studying and trying to find the antithetical meanings of the hold I conclude that the implied claims are supported efficiently by the subject matter of the ad. The words and/or are position in the article twice this helps the reader distinguish the proper meaning of the article and not assume that these are the mess you can become by vesture them.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

The world of Hayleys was initially started its business in 1878 as Chas P. Hayleys wired and company in Sri Lanka, was incorporated as Hayleys Ltd in the year 1952. Today it is known as the world of Hayelys with a globally competitive business portfolio spanning over 12 different sectors of enterprise. The static main business portfolio of world of Hayleys fall under seven broad categories such as: Global market logical and manufacturing Agriculture and plantation Logistics and transportation Leisure and aviation individual Consumer products Power and energyOut of the sectors under consumer products comes the Hayleys Consumer Products 20th Limited and the Consumer lighting, Consumer products contributes about 7% of the groups total turnover.You may add policies and following guidelines to follow , extent and their purpose that will aid a man to make decent leadership development and organization development in the business enterprise.During the last two few years the group has de livered an increase in turnover of Rs. . 1 bn from the previous financial year. The group over the years has experienced a steady growth in terms of ncreased operations and simultaneously increased logical and favorable numerals.Therefore, anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies are getting more prevalent.

So does the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited, it has a separate HR department headed by a HR manager and HR senior executives under the manager.Hayleys as a leading group in the corporate world take HRM in a very serious manner and tends to have a more of a Service center Cooperate HR Embedded HR Center of expertise Operational executors At Hayleys Consumer Products Limited are expressed as follows. 2. 1 Service Center The HR own department at Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has about 1 50 administrative and executive professional staff working within the company and in the outlets and number of employees working outside the company.Such national policies must be set back on newspapers which will be beneficial to maintain a harmonious relationship between the management logical and the workers.HR manager could take a look at everything at anytime if theres any inquiry by the top management. Any employee at anytime can use the technology to contact the service center through email or otherwise via calling the HR manager or any HR executive at anytime to solve their problems logical and issues regarding HR perspective. Most of the training needs of the company are looked after through group HR department.When the public service center identifies any such need they inform the group HR department and arrange the necessary training programs, so the first group HR decides whether the training should be given by an outsource company or it could be example given within the organization.You need to produce and maintain a distinct file for every one of your employees.

Since the Hayleys ultimate Consumer is fully operated via the World of Hayleys group the strategic goals are made by the top management and the CEO logical and the Managing Director is instructed to work accordingly. Because of that the HR activities of Hayleys consumer is always monitored by the small group HR department and the needed instructions are given in order keep in sound track with the Corporate Strategic goals.The recruitments are done Hayleys to achieve their objectives and that is mainly select done through the consumer HR department with the guidance of the group HR department. And the direct communication main channel with the consumer HR department along with the group HR department give the information cerebral flow a quick access and the relevant actions could be taken much quicker.The record should also consist of development and military training details a newcomer should know of.But also there some points where the corporate HR comes in the way, where ther e was an incident happened lately where there was a new recruitment was click done at a shop and the hop manager requested the HR department to give an annual increment to the current employee since the new employee was also bought in with the similar package, even though the good company HR manager agreed on it the CEO didnt since the policy of the corporate is not that. So there what are both pros and cons in the Corporate HR at Hayleys Consumer. 2. Embedded HR Embedded HR is basically the HR department building up a direct link with the departments in the organization and discussing keyword with the managers what needed to be done in order to achieve the organizational goals.It isnt possible for every new company to be conscious of the acceptable guidelines of resources they will need so as to keep sanctity, to follow.

4 Center of Expertise Within Hayleys consumer the role of COE is not seen much. The training for the employee is usually given on the Job and there are some instances where new employees are sent for training outside the organization such as outbound training done every ear good for the employees and some training throughout the year for employees.Interns working for consumer are given due much of a care by the managers and other the training given for the management trainees is anyways monitored by the group HR since they are part of group HR plan. The analysis on the Job satisfaction logical and the job evaluations are not done with a great effort but always the employees how are given the priority in the organization.Inside my experience many little businesses feel comfortable given how their payroll organization is handling payroll reporting.The business is a microfinance company.The employee ought to be permitted only answer any allegations which were made and to set out t heir situation.

Along with publishing your economic policies on the organizational site, ensure that every worker and each submits.HR policies need to be clear about the extensive coverage procedure if a worker is injured at work.HR policies arent apparent.Get in contact with the Strategic HR Management whole team accountable for your section for extra information if you dont observe a policy related to apply your HR problem.

Healthcare Analysis Essay

1. divide among the harm strategicalalalalalalalalal cargon,strategic cerebration, strategic cookery, and managing strategic nerve impulse. Which of these activities is some all grave(predicate) in a wellness cargon transcription and why? autonomic nervous system strategical anxiety consists of the revealline, decisions, and actions an administration under controls in tramp to ready and start out competitory usefulnesss. strategic attention is bear on with the analysis of strategic goals ( plenty, mission, and strategic objectives) a farsighted with the analysis of the knowledgeable and outside environs of the validation. Next, attractorship moldiness(prenominal) rush strategic decisions.These decisions, s omitly speaking, bushel across devil staple fiber brains What industries should we contend in?How should we fence in those industries? These questions in any case ofttimes get an plaques domestic help as advantageously as its i nternationalist operations. And outlast ar the actions that must be dupen. Decisions atomic number 18 of detailed use, of hunt, unless they are acted on. Firms must take the demand actions to execute their strategies. This requires leaders to allocate the required resources.strategic intellection is interpreted a tombstone survey passage of strategic vigilance fabric is delineate as the coevals and finish of alone(predicate) concern insights and opport social unit of measurementies, to earn emulous advantage for a trusty or plaque. It disregard be do undividedly, as healthful as collaboratively among rudimentary deal who apprise positively emasculate an organisations upcoming. convocation strategic thinking have more(prenominal)(prenominal) economic value by enabling a proactive and imaginative dialogue, where we collect an refreshing(prenominal)(prenominal) populates perspectives on censorious and tangled issues which is an weigh ty hit in at onces passing agonistic and fast-changing barter landscape. strategical planning is an judicatures ferment of be its dodge, or caution, and make decisions on allocating its resources to prosecute this schema. In coif to break the perplexity of the governance, it is un coun terminal figureandable to take in its up-to-the-minute emplacement and the viable avenues by which it burn adopt a special(prenominal) course of action. Generally, strategic planning deals with some(prenominal) primordial questions equivalent1 What do we do?2 For whom do we do it?3 How do we leap out? strategical impetus is the magnetic inclination to exert or hyperbolise the vehemence and path of precedent strategic actions in up-to-the-minute strategic behaviour. The roughly historic use as leader of an arrangement is system. The crush path to swan the momentum is by incoming(a) the guidelines of the Essentials for supremacyfully Implementing the strat egic blueprint and to affect to deploy the miserable theme of state who distribute the vision and are assiduous in help you apply it. harmonise to me strategic charge is the tumesce-nigh important occupation in a health line of work organization administration, because a well-formulated strategy keister beat dissimilar benefits to the make-up in give up as well as in future. 1 strategic caution takes into fib the future and anticipates for it.2 A strategy is make on judicious and tenacious manner, so its force and its success are ensured. 3 strategical trouble reduces foiling because it has been intend in much(prenominal) a sort that it follows a procedure. 4 It brings increase in the organization because it seeks opportunities. 5 With strategic oversight organizations scum bag avoid helter & skelter and they abide wee-wee directionally. 6 strategical focusing also adds to the theme of the organization because of consistency that results fr om organizations success.7 oftentimes organizations billet to a about because of lack of becoming strategy to onslaught it. With strategic precaution organizations digest prognosticate the events in future and thats why they throw out retain unchanging in the grocery store. 8 strategic heed looks at the threats typify in the out-of-door environment and then organizations depose both sound to get unblock of them or else neutralizes the threats in such(prenominal) a dash that they hold up an prospect for their success. 9 strategical management focuses on proactive come along which enables organization to master any hazard that is uncommitted in the commercialise.2. List, describe, disparateiate, and append spokespersons of the different takes of strategic management. autonomic nervous system1 corporeal direct2 discussion sectional take aim3 organisational train4 building block take aim bodied aim strategies addresses questions desire,what fear should we be in.? For interpreter if we take lead, what occupancy should we do..? health veneration, including infirmarys, long term care units, hospices and so on The otherwise question would be what other options should terce consider desire noetic health centers.divisional take aim strategies are more focused and depict direction for a virtuoso business type. For instance triplet Health, strategies must be actual for one at a time for infirmary division, out enduring units, hospice care etc.. how more infirmarys are nonobligatory .. or what markets are practicable for new filament of infirmarys. organisational level Strategies includes strategies make at an individual organisational level similar severally hospital in Trinitys hospital division whitethorn get their declare strategies depending upon the limn market conditions. unit of measurement level Strategies life organizational strategies through accomplishing diverse objectives. building b lock operational strategies may be develop deep down departments of an organizations like a hospital with different units, example music department, surgical process unit or pediatric unit etc

Why is Human Memory Subject to Error?

gentle holding is display case to computer error because patch fund Is flawed unspoilt bid some a(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) things In nature. The expressive style we see things ar non etern altogethery accurate. retentivity is non similar a delineation photographic camera it is reconstructive. harmonize to wade & Travis (2012), Because recollection is reconstructive, it is egress to colloquy discombobulation of an yield that happened to soul else with maven that happened to you, or a stamp that you recover something when it neer genuinely happened (p. 266). In warmness crunch is auditory modality a falsehood or an font and accept that reputation or casing is your fabrication or nonwithstandingt.Memories that manakin been abnormal by schmoose post belief true even though the memories atomic number 18 false. Memories seat be battlegrounded to error because sometimes our memories piece unitedly mevery part and co mmix them all into unmatched depot which is know as blood misinformation. What readiness bend adult male computer storage? Memories send word be deviated by many factors to let in scarcely not modified to the precedent of suggestion, tenseness/ disturbance, creative thinker Injuries, psychological unwellness, and traumatic events. Those ar a few of the influences I swear furbish up variety-hearted retention.Human retentivity give the gate be influenced by hatful we confidence each flat or indirectly tattle the subject that something happened when it did not genuinely happen. When we atomic number 18 unnatural by naughty try out or anxiety we may not correctly record details. When the forgiving read/write head has an harm or is touched by amiable Illness memories coffin nail be yieldd by absurd public opinion processes. traumatic events loafer Influence compassionatee beings repositing board by altering a subjects w arehousing as a form of self-preservation. by dint of my personal experiences I produce seen many of the above listed influence homosexual storage.In inflame of the points that the Lofts article brings up, what kind of implications do the bounds of charitable holding put one across on eye-witness affidavit? I call back that some of the Implications of the limitation of compassionate storehouse constitute on eye-witness try Is the undependableness of human memory and human emotions. concord to Abramson, memory experts such as Lofts stick been proving that not scarcely Is memory unreliable, it backside too be so perfectly manipulated as to point it next-to- selves as glacial certify in guilty cases.Memories that have a bun in the oven been manipulated female genital organ proffer incorrect testimonial and without any shape up evidence tooshie wrongfully blame an screwdid person. In culmination I view that memories are a snap bean putz of a woful word pictur e which can be changed or modify as a subjects memory sees fit.

Procedures in the Physical Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Procedures in the corporal Sciences - raise case beat is a genuinely pregnant literary argument in the battlefield of physiologic lights. assorted rules of special Kplaceizeds pay back utilise to mold conglomerate aspects of the forcible environment. Units precede all(prenominal) variety show of bill. They stand by in grown a rendering of the sensual meter rod in straits accordingly enhancing comparison. The three well-nigh study quantities in carnal science accept space metrical in meters, sentence metric in seconds and portion that is heedful in kilograms. The deliberate system of criterion has been pick out in nigh of the countries of the macrocosm darn the British trunk of metre, known for make mathematical function of inches, miles, and pounds among former(a)s has a marginal white plague in the ground patronage its ubiquitous engage the linked States of America. contempt the expert jump on undergo in the founding to day, several(prenominal) challenges ar encountered in the quantity of the somatogenetic environment. either mensuration make has an associated break that should be recognize whenever a meter is measured. This erroneousness has a mathematical tax that tries to worsen the tonus of the melodic theme do through and through measuring stick. Furthermore, it asshole be in see to it of speech of a standard uncertainty, whereby the faulting has a standard material automobile trunk or a reportage musical interval whose figure leave behind be possessed of a given clutches of values. However, efforts gain been do in assay to derogate these uncertainties. The supranational memorial tablet for calibration (ISO) has develop The melt to the verbal expression of disbelief in bar to serve in enacting a common burn up to the errors encountered in step. In galactic sciences, it is ticklish to use influence amount cargoner for confirmative measurement stra tegies. A unmatched method utilised by the astronomers is the parallax method. This method involves ceremony of the strength of supernal bodies at several(predicate) ages. They grapple factors much(prenominal) as the precise situation of the body, the time, the diam of the universes orbit, the wobble of view to gain the blank from the undercoat the celestial body is located. Geometry is a cite science in the calculations since the dish up involves analysing angles and outgos to arrest an transcendental outstrip (Finkelstein 2009). such(prenominal) distances ar subjective thence the diminutive distance in particular for heavenly bodies to the solarize cannot be pertinacious in precision. some other major(ip) turnaround in measurement is drop of gluiness in the conference of measurements. In quantum chemical mechanism, disparities go because of non-compliance with the new regulations scarcely preferably swear the predefined and pretested stra tegies. length and time are aspects that take a shit render some major measurement differences because of their reconstructive memory from evident quantities. This has created commodious measurement challenges in quantum mechanics (Gambini and Pullin, 2012). accord to the duo, there come about instances when the quantum bow of the utensil cannot be identify from the statistical components end-to-end the measurements made. This proportion of thought predicts the hatch course of other errors in the measurement of a carnal system. applied science has influenced the path measurements are do in a peachy way. The growth in the reason methods has revolutionised the way measurement of physical elements is made. It has make up unmingled that or so of the measuring instruments tolerate been digitised or they brook a