On the Job Training Essay Example for Free

On the Job Training EssayOJT is a three letter acronym for on-the-job education, which is a form of training taking place in a normal working situation. OJT training, sometimes called direct instruction, is one of the earliest forms of training (observational learning is in all likelihood the earliest,). It is a one-on-one training located at the job site, where someone who knows how to do a task shows another how to perform it. In antiquity, the kind of work that people did was mainly unskilled or semiskilled work that did not require specialized knowledge. Parents or other community members, who knew how to do a job necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction. On-the-job training is still widely in use today. In fact, it is probably the most popular method of training because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task, and the tools the person uses to do the task. It may not be the most hard-hitting or the most eff icient method at times, but it is normally the easiest to arrange and manage. Because the training takes place on the job, it can be highly virtual(prenominal) and no transfer of learning is required.It is often inexpensive because no special equipment is needed other than what is normally used on the job. The other side is that OJT takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. In addition, due to safety or other production factors, it is prohibitive in some environments. Training is the achievement of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, and performance.It forms the means of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, strain or profession, observers of the labor-marketwho? recognize as of 2008update the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many a(prenominal) professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.

Analysis of Lidls Marketing Strategy | 7Ps, SWOT

Analysis of Lidls market Strategy 7Ps, SWOTIntroductionLidls history begins in the 1930s, when their primary store was created in Germany acting as a market place wholesaler. Since then, Lidl has now become star of the largest grocery store retailers in atomic number 63, with over 600 stores operating in the UK, and thousands found across Europe (Butler, 2014). Although the amount of stores that Lidl have in operation is staggering, it is made even more amazing by the fact they only expanded emerge of Germany 20 years ago (Lidl, 2015). This rapid expansion has made them one of the most dominant and fe ard competitors in the UK grocery commercialize, with major grocery retailers constantly trying to minimise Lidls portion of market shargon.Although Lidls market fate in the UK is still relatively small, with them acquiring 3.5% at the beginning of 2015, they are one of the fastest emergence grocery retailers. Whilst many supermarkets are losing their market share, Lidls was increased by a stagger 15.1% from 3.1% to 3.5% (FT, 2015). Figure 1 highlights the variation in market share, and how much market share each supermarket shortly holds.As previously mentioned, although Lidl have a relatively low market share, they are watercoursely one of the fastest maturement retailers in the market. An analysis of Lidls current marketing strategy result be conducted, with particular emphasis on the 7 Ps of marketing. Furthermore, Porters Generic Strategies will be analysed in show to aid in the understanding of Lidls current strategies. This will then be concluded with a SWOT analysis, with recommendations being drawn up via the utilisation of a TOWS matrix.Marketing Strategy AnalysisThe five core concepts of marketing are consumer needs/wants/demands, products and avails, value/satisfaction/quality, exchanges/transactions/relationships and markets (Kotler, et al., 2008). One of the most efficient ways to analyse these factors is to conduct a marketing strat egy analysis, which looks to explore the strategies an organisation utilises in order to grow and expand their market share.7 Ps AnalysisIn order to successfully analyse Lidl marketing strategy, a 7 Ps analysis apprise be conducted, which seeks to analyse nigh very basic, but significant issues. Originally, the 7 Ps was only comprised of 4 Ps which aimed to address certain issues that would allow a firm to have a more developed understanding of their internal operations. The 4Ps are comprised of product, price, place and promotion (CIM, 2009). However, due to the limited applicability of the 4 Ps, three more were added to form the 7Ps, which aims to shroud some service qualities the 4 Ps do not cover (Booms Bitner, 1981 Lusch, et al., 2007).Product (Quality, brand name, service line, warranty, capabilities, facilitating goods, tangible clues, price, personnel, physical environment and process of service delivery)Very solid brand name from being one of the cheapest supermarket r etailers in the industry. Their main competition as a value supermarket is Aldi (Bosshart, 2006).The products sold in Lidl are a prominent deal very similar to the goods sold in other supermarkets, such as Tesco or Asda. However, the main distinction would be the different brand label of the products in Lidl stores.Consumers could have a negative perception of the quality of Lidls products as they are sold for such a cheap price (Siro, et al., 2008).Price (Level, discounts and allowances, defrayment terms, customers own perceived value, quality/price interaction and differentiation)One of the key emulous advantages for Lidl is their clever pricing strategies. Lidl entered the market on the basis of being one of the most value-driven supermarkets in the industry (Dolgui Proth, 2010).All consecratements are made up before leaving the store at the check outs.As they offer goods at an incredibly cheap price, consumers may believe that the goods they sell are poor quality, however this is generally not the case (Siro, et al., 2008).Place (Location, accessibility, diffusion channels and distribution coverage)Lidl have a plethora of stores across the UK and Europe. However, depending on the country, they operate in different segments of the supermarket industry, ranging from value to high-end goods (Butler, 2014).They have a variety of distribution hubs across the UK and Europe to ensure that stores are maintaining a constant level of stock (Brown, 2015).As their business model is to sell as many goods as possible in the shortest amount of time, ensuring stock levels are maintained is incredibly important. This means that it is imperative to have stores in reasonably close proximity to national distribution centres. packaging (Advertisements, personal selling, sales promotion, publicity, personnel, physical environment, facilitating goods, tangible clues and process of service delivery)Lidl do not current have any loyalty schemes present in the UK, as they bel ieve their pricing model is enough to incentivise consumers.Lidl often have in store promotions, but they do not discount their goods as highly as other retailers due to the low prices that already exist.People (Personnel training, discretion, commitment, incentives, appearance, interpersonal behaviour, attitudes and customer behaviour/degree of involvement)Employees are generally paid a very fetching salary, but have to work incredibly hard whilst on the job. The amount of items scanned is often used as a performance measurement indicator (Ruddick, 2015). superior training standards to ensure employees can scan items fast enough and meet all customer needs.Consumers may feel that staff do not pay them enough attention as they are very rushed doing their job responsibilities.Process (Policies, procedures, mechanisation, employee discretion, customer involvement, customer direction and flow of activities)Primary process of Lidl is to bribe and sell as many goods as possible on a lo w-cost basis.Consumers are not very involved in any of the processes or procedures of Lidl, and would have little power over their business operations.Physical (Environment, furnishings, colour, layout, noise level, facilitating goods and tangible clues)The majority of Lidl stores are laid out in a very linear and traditional manner. This is to aid consumers in finding their goods as soon as possible and having easy access to purchase and leave (Lidl, 2015).Lidl will often exhibit their brand colours, yellow and blue, throughout their stores or surrounding areas. This will help consumers know there is a Lidl nearby.Porters Generic StrategiesPorter outlines quadruple generic strategies differentiation, cost leadership, differentiation focus and cost focus (Porter, 1980).From utilising the information gathered from the 7 Ps analysis, it becomes quickly apparent as to what strategy Lidl are currently pursuing. Lidl have a reliant focus on selling quality products at the cheapest cost possible. This would suggest that they are utilising a cost leadership strategy, and are follow outed it with incredible effectiveness (Morschett, et al., 2006). However, in order to maintain their current rate of growth and expansion, Lidl may have to diversify from their current strategies in order to stay competitive and innovative within the UK grocery market.SWOT AnalysisBased on the 7 Ps analysis, a SWOT analysis can be conducted in regards to Lidl. The SWOT analysis will help an organisation measure and understand the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats facing the firm. Being able to bring up these elements will help an organisation to formulate and develop strategies which may build on the strengths, negate the weaknesses, exploit the opportunities or counter the threats (Dyson, 2004).Strengths (Simon, et al., 2010 Kumar Steenkamp, 2007)Strong business bodily structure allows them to sell their products at an incredibly cheap pric e.Wide range of private labels gives them exclusivity and security.Has a huge amount of stores across the whole of the UK and Europe giving Lidl great exposure.Online presence that showcases the products they have and any deals they may be running.Weaknesses (FT, 2015 Siro, et al., 2008)Does not quite have the market share of the other big supermarkets in the UK, such as Tesco or Asda.Has not been able to spread their operations outside of Europe very successfully.As their products are so cheap consumers can often count on that the quality is not good enough.Opportunities (Felsted, 2014)Potential to expand in the UK and acquire a higher share of the UK grocery market.Successfully expanding abroad can append more funds to invest in the UK.Expand their website to actually accept orders and sell products.Threats (Poulter, 2014)If Lidl were to engage with a price war with other major grocery retailers then they could force competitors prices down.International expansion of other globa l brands would cause more competition.Aldi surpassing their market share and becoming the dominant discount grocery retailer.RecommendationsTogether with the SWOT analysis, a TOWS matrix can be utilised in order to develop strategies and recommendations for Lidl to acquire a greater market share of the UK grocery industry (Weihrich, 1982).Based on the TOWS matrix, and the analysis of Lidls current market strategies, three recommendations can be laid that would help Lidl acquire a greater share of the UK grocery market. The three recommendations areExtend the usability of their website to accept click collect orders or even delivery. This would expand their presence in the UK market.Develop and implement upper class branded products in order to target a new demographic and compete with the major supermarket retailers on a more even environment. puddle firm barriers of entry to deter other organisations from entering the UK grocery market and potentially encroaching on Lidls market share.In order to stay competitive in the UK grocery industry, and continue to build upon their UK market share, Lidl should utilise the aforementioned strategies. Furthermore, this could result in them following a combination of generic strategies, as the introducing of upper-class brands, in combination with their current business structure, would suggest a differentiation strategy is in place. However, if Lidl pursue the adoption of other strategies, they must ensure that their current consumer base is not alienated, or they could end up losing market share. Furthermore, Lidl should continue to open more stores in the UK in order to expand their presence and accessibility, which will allow their operations to have similar exposure to the other major supermarket retailers.BibliographyBooms, B. H. Bitner, M. J., 1981. Marketing strategies and organization structures for service firms. In Marketing of Services. Chicago American Marketing Association, pp. 47-51.Bosshart, D., 2006. C heap? The Real Cost of Living in a Low Price, Low Wage World. London Kogan Page Limited.Brown, G., 2015. Giant Lidl distribution hub to create ergocalciferol West Midlands jobs. Online Available athttp//www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/business-news/giant-lidl-distribution-hub-create-8883111Butler, S., 2014. http//www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/27/lidl-launches-store-expansion-programme. Online Available athttp//www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/27/lidl-launches-store-expansion-programmeCIM, 2009. Marketing and the 7Ps, s.l. Chartered Institute of Marketing.Dolgui, A. Proth, J. M., 2010. Pricing strategies and models. annual Reviews in Control, 34(1), pp. 101-110.Dyson, R. G., 2004. Strategic development and SWOT analysis at the University of Warwick. European diary of Operational Research, Volume 152, pp. 631-640.Felsted, A., 2014. Lidl expansion to crank up pressure on big stores. Online Available athttp//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2465c426-fd53-11e3-bc93-00144feab7de.htmla xzz3giD80B9cFT, 2015. Half of UK shoppers visited Lidl, Aldi over Xmas. Online Available athttp//www.ft.com/fastft/260632/half-of-uk-shoppers-visited-lidl-aldi-over-xmasKotler, P., Armstrong, G. Saunders, J., 2008. Principles of Marketing. 5th ed. s.l.Prentice Hall.Kumar, N. Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., 2007. Private Label Strategy How to receive the Store Brand Challenge. Cambridge Harvard Business Press.Lidl, 2015. Customer orientated expansion. Online Available athttp//property.lidl.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/lidl_uk/hs.xsl/5187.htmLidl, 2015. http//www.lidl.co.uk/en/659.htm. Online Available athttp//www.lidl.co.uk/en/659.htmLusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L. OBrien, M., 2007. Competing through service Insights from service-dominant logic. Journal of retailing, 83(1), pp. 5-18.Morschett, D., Swoboda, B. Schramm-Klein, H., 2006. Porter outlines four generic strategies differentiation, cost leadership, differentiation focus and cost focus (Porter, 1980).. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services , 13(4), pp. 275-287.Porter, M. E., 1980. Competitive Strategy. s.l.Free Press.Poulter, S., 2014. Aldi and Lidl to force big four supermarkets into price war to stop stampede of customers to discount chains. Online Available athttp//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2539064/Aldi-Lidl-force-big-four-supermarkets-price-war-stop-stampede-customers-discount-chains.htmlRuddick, G., 2015. Supermarkets could increase prices to pay for living wage. Online Available athttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11736662/Supermarkets-could-increase-prices-to-pay-for-living-wage.htmlSimon, H., Gathen, A. V. D. Daus, P. W., 2010. Retail Pricing Higher Profits Through Improved Pricing Processes. In Retailing in the 21st Century. Berlin Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319-336.Siro, I., Kapolna, E., Kapolna, B. Lugasi, A., 2008. Functional food. Product development, marketing and consumer sufferanceA review. Appetite, 51(3), pp. 456-467.Weihrich, H., 1982. The TOWS Matrix A Tool for Situational Analysis, San Francisco Long Range Planning .

Ocean Acidification and Climate Change

Ocean Acidification and Climate ChangeMost of us have heard about globular warming and what it is doing to our world, including our oceans. Global warming is solely a temper change. A slow and steady outgrowth in the temperature of the earths atmosphere, environment, and its oceans is believed to be permanently changing the earths climate.Climate change involves rapidly changing temperatures and aleatory weather patterns on huge scale. In addition, these changes cause an increase in concentrations of wastees which trap heat in the atmosphere, often called greenhouse gases. The most commonly released gas is carbon dioxide.The increase volumes of carbon dioxide and some other gases released by the burning of fuels, clearing lands, agriculture, and other human actions are believed to be the most important sources of international warming. This has occurred over the past fifty years.Ocean acidification has destructive and harmful results to our earths underwater environment. The ab sorption of carbon dioxide by the earths oceans is increasing the acid levels, producing harmful and long-term demise to our oceans coral reefs, which causes them to dissolve by reducing their calcification.Changes in the earths ocean environment is not often seen or felt, so it is essential to discuss the importance of this butt against on the coral reefs and the dangerous effects of global warming. Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems of the oceans. Coral reefs are estimated to shelter around one-third of all nautical species about 500 million people rely on coral reefs for food, income, and medicine. Coral reefs also act as barriers during inclement weather.Human activity is make the earth to get warmer and warmer, especially by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, the clear cutting of forests. When we dig out and burn fossil fuels, like char and petroleum, we cause the release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. Clearing of the forests also allows for large amounts of carbon dioxide to be released all over the entire world. The future of coral reefs is peril by humans and natural disturbances.Typical ocean pH levels vary due to the effect of the environment. When the pH of water falls below 5.0 or rises supra 9.6, harmful actions become obvious. pH levels below 7.6 will cause coral reefs to dissolve as a result of the lack of calcium carbonate. Efforts to alleviate global warming and ocean acidification by reducing emissions have been unsuccessful. Scientists have become more interested in climate engineering to prevent the dangerous outcomes of climate change.Artificial ocean alkalization is studied as a way to decrease local ocean acidification and to protect coral reefs ecosystems. Several readings focused on the initiative of changing ocean pH by increasing water alkalinity. In these studies, alkalizing agents, such as calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, were used to increase the oceans alkalinity and t he potential of protecting coral reefs against ocean acidification. This approach is logical but doubtful because of the constant changes (variation) of carbon dioxide concentration from season to season, day to night, and the species variety and power to adapt. Also, increasing the oceans surface pH stimulates an additional absorption of carbon dioxide.In another study, a team of international scientists, including a Texas AM University researcher, examined the Tree Reef, bordering the Australian coast. The team added sodium hydroxide to the water to reverse acidity and increase alkalinity of the water. With the increase of water pH, the reef grew quickly as a result of the experiment. Scientists reason out that it is possible to increase the growth of coral reefs if ocean acidification is reversed.In addition, according to a new study published in the journal Environmental information Technology, blowing tiny bubbles though seawater could remove carbon dioxide from the water an d help offset (counteract) water acidification. However, installing bubbles anywhere where coral reefs are present is expensive.The creative thinker of increasing the alkalinity of ocean water to protect and preserve coral reefs is like turning back the clock hundreds of years. Back then, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere was lower, and the oceans were untold healthier. The best solution would be to stop emitting carbon dioxide and prevent ocean acidification.

How You Are Using Reflective Practice Nursing Essay

How You Are Using Reflective Practice defy striveThe aim of this assignment is to discuss how I am using wistful practice and jurisprudences of air in my journey to becoming a health passe-partout. through and through this discussion, the relationship between reproof, autographs of conduct, and passe-partout development depart be demonstrated. For the purposes of this assignment, references to a reflection on an aspect of my clinical practice namely maintaining patient confidentiality, will be made (see appendix). This reflection is guided by Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) (cited in Jasper, 2003, p. 77). I selected this framework as it allows one to reflect in a systematic manner on positive aspects of the picture as well as areas for improvement. Indeed, this aspect of my clinical practice will form the context of this assignment, as well as other relevant standards of conduct (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008). The side by side(p) paragraphs will discuss codes of conduct and the process of reflection with reference to my professional development.Nursing practice is underpinned by sop up regulatory principles (the NMC code of conduct, 2008). The code provides standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives and is a tool in safeguarding the wellbeing of the public. As Goldsmith (2011, p. 12) states, the code should be used to guide daily practice. However, Sutcliffe (2011) argues that the code can be difficult to implement in practice. Sutcliffes argument is supported by first-hand experience during my placement. The following excerpt summarises the experience on which I reflectedDuring visiting hours on the ward a gentleman approached me to ask for the where almosts of a patient (this patient had recently bygone to theatre). In a helpful manner, I proceeded to inform the gentleman of the patients location. However, the conversation was interrupted by a member of staff who correctly established the identity of the visit or.In these circumstances, I did not uphold a key principle of the code to respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC, 2008, p.3) in spite of the fact that I had learnt about this principle prior to going on placement. This key standard of conduct is reiterated in the guidance published by the Department of Health (DH, 2003) and by the Caldicott piece of music (1997) (cited in Crook, 2003). Whilst reflecting-on- carry out following this experience, the code offered a benchmark against which I evaluated my professional conduct. As a developing health professional I learnt that I moldiness respect a persons right to confidentiality and I must act as an advocate for those who I am helping to care for.My reflective process highlighted the splendor of regularly referring to the code and other supporting guidance so as to develop my professional practice in this area. In my reflection, I propose an body process plan for managing subsequent situations. This action plan applies other pertinent aspects of the code, for example, to work effectively as part of a team, to share information with your colleagues (NMC, 2008, p.5) and to keep clear and accurate records (NMC, 2008, p. 6). With reference to applying these principles to my practice hereafter, I would consult the patients notes to confirm next of kin and patients location (i.e. theatre) and effectively communicate with colleagues about this situation. Furthermore, confidentiality is underpinned by trust (Pattison Wainwright, 2010). Gibbs action plan (1988) functioned as an aid to my learning and development. Throughout my career I plan to consider and reflect on the fundamentals of the code whenever I am thinking of my learning objectives and professional development (Goldsmith, 2011).Johns (2004, p. 1) proposes that the reflective process is a way of being within mundane practice. To illustrate this further, the technique allows the practitioner to nonplus mindful of self within the context of a particul ar experience. The intention is to resolve incongruity between a practitioners own vision and actual experience (Johns, 2004). Schn (1987) (cited in Johns, 2004, p.1) distinguishes between reflection-on-action (as shown by my reflection) and reflection-in-action. For example, reflection-in-action refers to occasions when a practitioner takes a momentary pause during a particular experience in parliamentary procedure to make sense of it and to consider how best to proceed. Consequently, as we become accustomed to thoughtfully analysing our practice following an event (on-action), the ability to reflect-in-action becomes a part of everyday practice (Johns, 2004). Mention should be made here of an absence of conventional research to support this argument although anecdotal evidence has been found (Johns, 2004).These two layers of reflection namely in-action and on-action, are the cornerstone of professional development. For me, reflection as a learning process will facilitate the move from a novice student to an intuitive expert, by means of developing implicit knowledge accumulated from past experiences (ORegan Fawcett, 2006). As I reflect on subsequent experiences in the slack of patient confidentiality, I will develop virtual(a) and professional knowledge. The benefits of using reflective practice have been well documented. ORegan Fawcett (2006) explains that the process reduces the gap between hypothetical knowledge and nursing practice and fosters the development wisdom and implicit knowledge. Fawcetts argument has been illustrated by my reflective process.It is important to discuss what it means to be a professional nurse in order to evaluate its significance to the reflective process and codes of conduct. A registered nurse acquires a body of specialist knowledge from the educational and operable setting. However, the idea of holding a body of knowledge is arguably less important than the ability to draw on intuitive knowledge, tuned through previ ous practical experimentation and reflection (Schn, 1987 Stevenson, 1990). My personal experience of the reflective process is that it facilitates the move from reflection-on-action to reflection-in-action. Similarly, this sophisticated skill reduces the perceived theory-practice gap. (To summarise this discussion, I have used Gibbs reflective cycle to reflect on an aspect of my clinical practice namely patient confidentiality. The code (NMC, 2008) has functioned as a benchmark against which I have evaluated my professional knowledge and behaviour. Indeed, the NMC advocates the use of reflective practice for professional growth. I can conclude that an improved skill in reflective thinking will exact my professional growth. Similarly, the values highlighted by the code are equally essential for the development of my professional accountability. It is important to note that the mutual function of reflective practice, codes of conduct and professional development is to ultimately del iver excellent nursing care to our patients.ReferencesCrook, M. A. (2003) The Caldicott report and patient confidentiality. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56 (6) 426-428.Department of Health (DH). (2003) Confidentiality NHS code of practice. Leeds DH.Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Brookes University.Goldsmith, J. (2011) The NMC code conduct, performance and ethics. Nursing Times, 107 (37) 12-14.Institute of Health Records and Information Management. (1997) The Caldicott Report. capital of the United Kingdom IHRIM.Jasper, M. (eds.) (2003) Beginning reflective practice. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.Johns, C. (2004) Becoming a reflective practitioner. 2nd ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC). (2008) The code standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives online. Available from http//www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/The-code-A4-20100406.pdf Accessed 25 Feb ruary 2013.ORegan, H. Fawcett, T. (2006) Learning to nurse reflections on bathing a patient. Nursing Standard, 20 (46) 60-64.Pattison, S. Wainwright, P. (2010) Is the 2008 NMC code ethical? Nursing Ethics, 17 (1) 9-18.Schn, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Stevenson, J. S. (1990) The development of nursing knowledge accelerating the pace. In Chaska, N. I. (ed.) The nursing profession turning points. St Louis The C.V. Mosby Company. pp. 597-607.Sutcliffe, H. (2011) Understanding the NMC code of conduct a student perspective. Nursing Standard, 25 (52) 35-39.

Impact of Music of the Harlem Renaissance Upon the Artists of Today Ess

Impact of Music of the Harlem Renaissance Upon the Artists of TodayMusicians during the Harlem Renaissance created a style and movement that simply took Americans by storm. Musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong collapse inspired others all over the country. The Renaissance itself was not only an observation of lifetime for African Americans, but it also showed Americans that they have a place in society. All of the musicians, writers, and artists shared a common purpose. This purpose was to create art that reflected the Afro American community. Through this era, African Americans provided themselves with their cultural roots and a promise for a better future. Music in this era was the beginning. It was the beginning of new life for musicians and African Americans.All types of music require musicians. In the H.R (Harlem Renaissance), there were many who contributed to this new style of music known as hunch. These musicians all have their own style and form. Each of these styles has in some way influenced the evolution of jazz. Louis Sachmo Armstrong is recognized as the nearly famous trumpet player of this time. His hot bop style was hear in places like the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theatre. Everyone from all over the country would come to see him. Armstrong recorded such works as Im in the Mood for Love, and You Rascal you (http//library.thinkquest.org/26656/english/music.html). Another famous person during this era was Coleman Hawkins, a saxophone player. Hawkins is recognized as the first great saxophonists of Jazz. His most famous work was a piece named Body and Soul (http//library.thinkquest.org). Hawkins has also recorded with artists such as Thelonious Monk and Duke Ellington. Other people such as Bessie Smith, Josephine Baker, Duke Ellington, and Dizzie Gillespie have also made many contributions to the development of Jazz.By the end of World War I, Black Americans were facing their lowest point in tale since slavery. Most of the bl acks migrated to the northern states such as New York and Chicago. It was in New York where the Harlem Renaissance was born. This movement with jazz was used to rid of the restraints held against African Americans. One of the principal(prenominal) reasons that jazz was so popular was that it allowed the performer to create the rhythm. With This in Mind performers realized that there could no... ...ty statement, some of the feelings and expressions that were used during the beginning of the era have diffused. With this jazz has become weaker, but well known. Jazz will unceasingly continue to have character. Jazz will always be art. Jazz will always have a story to tell.Though Jazz has changed, the background behind it still inspires those today. Even though each artist has their particular style or expression, they all can agree that music is art. They can all agree that Music is emotions and feelings. Through the years, just as all things do, Jazz and Bebop have grown and flouris hed crossways America and the World. All in all Jazz for African Americans opened the doors in America, jazz alone opened doors and ears all across the Earth.Sources citedHttp//www.acns.nwu.edu/jazz/styles/bebop.html Net Zero. 6-2-02Http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/4722/jazz.html Net Zero. 6-2-02Http//www.kennyg.com/biography.html Net Zero 6-2-02Http//library.thinkquest.org/26656/english/music.html Net Zero. 6-2-02Wintz, Cary D. The Harlem Renaissance. Houston Texas Rice University Press, 1988Http//www.wshs.fcps.k12.va.us/projects/im98/im981/jaz.htm Net Zero 6-2-02

Josephine Bakers Monologue Essay -- Josephine Baker Composition Monol

Josephine Bakers MonologueIm Freda Josephine Baker born to Carrie McDonald and Eddie Carson on June 3rd, 1906, in St. Louis, Missouri, but most of you may know me as Josephine Baker. At the age of 12 I dropped out of school to become an entertainer, yes yes, I remember it like it was yesterday, I was young and ready to become a star. I grew up cleaning houses and babysitting for white families, and they always reminded me be sure not to kiss the baby. When I was 13, I got a waitressing employment at the Chauffeurs Club, which was where I met my first husband, our marriage was very brief I had never hesitated to leave anyone, never depended on any existence for anything, thats for sure. I was married five times, never once more never again, I keep telling myself, hah hah I make myself laugh, but then again I did get lots of things from them. I gained French citizenship from one of my husbands, another one of my husbands helped to raise my 12 adopted children, and I kept my l ast identify of my 2nd husband, Willie Baker. I never had children of my own instead I adopted twelve child...

Essay --

Vigilantism is deeply rooted in American tradition (Brown, 1975). Arising in response to an absence of law and order in early frontier regions, and a concern with self-protection and self-preservation, vigilantes were seen as evaluated members of society. One of the primary reasons for the value of vigilantes is that their jurisdiction began where the law ended (Burrows, 1976 Perry & Pugh, 1989). Moreover, vigilantes partook in behaviors that legal authorities would not, could not, and should not perform (Brown, 1975). Incidents of vigilantism are not isolated to the American frontier, though. Reports of vigilantism keep emerged in countries such as the United Kingdom (Evans, 2003 Sharp, Atherton, & Williams, 2008), Kosovo (Wheeler, 2000), Nigeria (McCall, 2004), Indonesia (Barker, 2006), Israel (Yanay, 1993), and Ghana (Adinkrah, 2005). These reports often conjure up mixed beliefs. Some society members and organizations publicly chastise vigilantes (Hine, 1998 McCall, 2004 Perry & Pugh, 1989), while others publicly predecessor them as heroes (Perry & Pugh, 1989). Lawyers, judges, and citizens have seen vigilantes as necessary components in the framework of America (Brown, 1975) and several movies have idolized real (e.g., Issakaba series) and fictional vigilantes (e.g., Death Wish and Vigilante). Pundits and intellectuals have also defended real-life vigilantes (i.e., the Bakassi Boys) accused of torture, rape, and arbitrary imprisonment. Interestingly, individuals view behaviors such as rape and torture as deplorable when enacted in everyday situations however, when vigilantes behave in such a way, their actions are not viewed as negatively (Ekeh, 2002 McCall, 2004).Although the general concept of a vigilante is both(prenominal)what clear... ...g victims using the mechanics of dehumanization. Dehumanization removes human qualities and/or attributes from individuals by stripping them of thoughts and feelings. For example, during Vietnam, soldiers referr ed to the enemy as gooks rather than Vietnamese citizens (Kaiser, 1969). After removing the moniker of humanness, deplorable actions are more acceptable. If removing human qualities is not successful though, individuals capability also ascribe demonic or bestial qualities to their victims (Bandura, 2002). Attribution of BlameIndividuals might also derogate victims by using the attribution of blame mechanism of moral disengagement. Attribution of blame portrays the aggressor as a faultless victim driven to harmful conduct through forced action (Bandura, 2002). For example, some rapists suggest that the victim was asking for it by the way she dressed or acted.